Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o ngā Āpure Hikohiko
He mea nui ngā papa hikohiko (EMF) ki te ao whānui, e awe ana i ngā āhuatanga maha o tō tātou oranga o ia rā, mai i te whakaputa hiko ki ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā tukanga koiora. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā kaupapa taketake o ngā papa hikohiko hei tūhura i tā rātou mahi, ō rātou tono mahi, me ō rātou pānga ki tō tātou taiao.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga me te Āhua o ngā Āpure Hikohiko
Ka whakaputahia ngā mara hikohiko e ngā matūriki e utua ana te hiko. Ko te tikanga, e rua ngā wāhanga o ēnei: ko ngā mara hiko (ka puta mai i ngā utu tūmau) me ngā mara aukume (ka puta mai i ngā utu neke, i ngā iahiko rānei). E ai ki te ariā tawhito a James Clerk Maxwell, ka horapa ēnei mara puta noa i te wāhi hei ngaru, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā ngaru hikohiko.
Ko ngā whārite a Maxwell, he huinga o ngā whakatakotoranga pāngarau e whā, e whakaahua ana i te taunekeneke me te horapa o ngā papa hiko me ngā papa aukume. I mua, i whakauruhia e ēnei whārite huatau ngā āhuatanga kore hononga, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te whakaputanga o tētahi papa aukume e rerekē ana te wā i tētahi papa hiko, me te hurihanga. Nō reira, ka kapi ngā papa aukume i tētahi whānuitanga o ngā roangaru me ngā auau, mai i ngā papa auau tino iti (pēnei i ngā raina hiko) ki ngā papa auau teitei (pēnei i ngā hihi-X me ngā hihi gamma).
2. Ngā Wāhanga me ngā Āhuatanga
Ka puta ngā mara hiko mai i ngā utu hiko, e whakaahuatia ana e te ture a Coulomb. Ka kukume ngā utu pai me ngā utu kino, ko ngā utu rite e pana ana. Ka tere te heke o te kaha o te mara i te tawhiti atu i te utu. I roto i te pāngarau, ka inehia te kaha o te mara hiko (E) i roto i ngā volts ia mita (V/m).
Ka puta mai ngā papa aukume i ngā utu aukume kua orohia me ngā utu nekeneke. E ai ki te ture Biot-Savart me te ture a Ampère, ko te kaha o te papa aukume (B) e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te iahiko me te tawhiti mai i te kaiārahi. Ka inehia te kaha o te papa aukume i roto i te Tesla (T) i roto i te Pūnaha Waeine o te Ao (SI).
3. Te Whakawhanuitanga o te Ngaru Hikohiko
Ka neke ngā ngaru hiko aukume i te wāhi i te tere o te mārama (tata ki te 3 x 10^8 mita ia hekona i roto i te korehau). Ka whakaatuhia e rātou ngā āhuatanga rite ki te ngaru me te matūriki, he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te takirua ngaru-matūriki. I te horapa, ka taea e ēnei ngaru te whakaata, te huripokitia, me te whakarara. Ko tā rātou whanonga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ō rātou roangaru me te reo e taunekeneke ana rātou.
Ka kapi te whānuitanga o ngā auau me ngā roangaru o te whānuitanga o te aukume hikohiko, e whai ake nei:
– Ngā Ngaru Reo Irirangi: Mai i te 3 Hz ki te 300 GHz, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pēnei i te reo irirangi, te pouaka whakaata, me ngā waea pūkoro.
– Ngā ngaruiti: E horapa ana i waenga i te 300 MHz ki te 300 GHz, e whakamahia ana i roto i te radar, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi, me ngā oumu ngaruiti.
– Pūwero Whero (IR): Kei waenganui i te 300 GHz ki te 430 THz, he mea nui mō te whakaahua wera, ngā mana mamao, me ētahi hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
– Mārama Ātaahua: I waenganui i te 430 THz me te 770 THz, koinei anake te wāhanga o te whānuitanga e kitea ana e te kanohi tangata, he mea nui mō te tirohanga.
– Ultraviolet (UV): I waenganui i te 770 THz me te 30 PHZ, he mea nui mō ngā mahi hauora me ngā mahi ahumahi, engari ka kino pea i ngā horopeta teitei.
– Ngā hihi-X: Mai i te 30 PHz ki te 30 EHz, he mea nui mō te whakaahua hauora me te tirotiro ahumahi.
– Ngā hihi Gamma: Neke atu i te 30 EHz, e whakamahia ana mō te maimoatanga hauora me te tātari pirau irahiko.
4. Ngā Puna me ngā Tauira
He maha ngā pūtake o ngā mara hikohiko ā-taiao:
– Te Papa Aukume o te Ao: He papa aukume whenua i hangaia e te pūtake rewa o te ao, e tiaki ana i te ora mā te pana i ngā hihi kino o te rā.
– Te Irahiko o te Rā: Ka tukuna e te rā te whānuitanga o ngā ngaru hikohiko, e whakarato ana i te pūngao e tika ana mō te ora i runga i te Ao.
– Uira: Ka whakaputa i ngā papa hiko me ngā ngaru reo irirangi nui.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā pūtake horihori o ngā EMF e hangaia ana e ngā mahi a te tangata:
– Ngā Raina Hiko: Whakaputahia ngā papa hiko me ngā papa aukume tauutuutu 50/60 Hz.
– Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Ahokore: Ka tukuna e ngā waea pūkoro, Wi-Fi, me ngā pourewa pāho te reo irirangi me ngā ngaruiti.
– Ngā Pūrere Hauora: Ka whakamahia e ngā mīhini MRI ngā papa aukume kaha hei whakaahua i ngā hanganga o roto o te tinana.
– Ngā Taputapu Whare: He maha ngā taputapu hiko e whakaputa ana i ngā papa hiko me ngā papa aukume.
5. Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga Hangarau
Nā te mārama me te whakamahi i ngā mara hikohiko kua hua ake ai ngā whanaketanga hangarau hou:
– Te Whakaputa me te Tohatoha Hiko: Ka whakawhirinaki ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā whakaputa hiko, me ngā raina hiko ki te aukumetanga hiko.
– Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Ka whakamahia ngā ngaru hikohiko e ngā hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahokore, tae atu ki te reo irirangi, te pouaka whakaata, me ngā whatunga pūkoro.
– Whakaahua me te Maimoatanga Hauora: He taputapu hauora nui ngā hihi-X, te MRI, me te rongoā irahiko e whakamahi ana i ngā mara hikohiko.
– Ngā Pūnaha Whakatere: Ka whakawhirinaki te GPS me ētahi atu hangarau whakatere ki te horapa me te kite i ngā tohu hikohiko.
– Ngā Hikohiko Kaihoko: Ko ngā taputapu o ia rā pēnei i ngā waea atamai, ngā rorohiko, me ngā oumu ngaruiti ka mahi mā roto i ngā mātāpono hikohiko.
6. Ngā Pānga ki te Hauora me te Taiao
I a tātou e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hangarau, kua ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te pānga ki ngā āpure hikohiko.
– Ngā Pānga Hauora: E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō ngā EMF auau-iti (pērā i ngā mea mai i ngā raina hiko) i ngā hononga pea ki ngā take hauora, ahakoa kāore anō kia kitea he taunakitanga tuturu. Ka taea e ngā āpure auau-tiketike (pērā i ngā hihi UV me ngā hihi-X) te whakararu i ngā kiko me te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku.
– Ngā Pānga ki te Taiao: Ka pā pea ngā EMF ki ngā kararehe mohoao, inā koa ngā momo e tairongo ana ki te papa aukume o te Ao mō te whakatere. Kei te haere tonu ngā mahi ki te mārama me te whakaiti i aua pānga.
7. Nga Paerewa Haumaru me nga Ture
Hei whakarite i te haumaru o te marea, kua whakatūhia e ngā whakahaere o te ao, tae atu ki te World Health Organization (WHO) me te International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), he herenga me ngā aratohu mō te pānga. Ka āwhina ēnei paerewa ki te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea pea mā te whakahaere i ngā taumata EMF mō ngā taputapu kaihoko, ngā raina hiko, me ētahi atu hangarau.
Opaniraa
He wāhanga whakamīharo, he wāhanga nui hoki ngā papa hikohiko o tō tātou ao whānui, e tautoko ana i ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā auahatanga hangarau maha. He mea nui te māramatanga whānui ki ō rātou kaupapa matua—mai i tōna takenga mai me ōna āhuatanga ki ōna tono mahi me ngā mōrearea pea—hei whakatairanga i te mātauranga pūtaiao, hei whakapai ake i te hangarau, hei tiaki i te hauora me te oranga taiao. I te haere tonu o te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka whai hua ake te māramatanga o ngā papa hikohiko ki te heke mai o te pūtaiao me te hapori.
