Te Āwhiowhio ā-Toi i waenganui i ngā Aorangi: Te Kanikani Ao
Mai i ngā pito marino o te wāhi o waho ki ngā pūtake matotoru o ngā tupua whetu, kotahi te kaha e kaha ana—ko te kaha o te kaha ā-papa. E whakaatuhia ana i roto i te kukume tahi i waenga i ngā mea me te papatipu, ko te kaha ā-papa te kaihoahoa o ngā kanikani o te rangi, e whakahau ana i ngā porowhita aorangi me te hanga i te hanganga o te ao whānui. He mahi tino whakamere tā tēnei kaha e kore e kitea engari kei ngā wāhi katoa ki te whakahaere i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā aorangi. Mā te mārama ki te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ki ngā mahi taketake o tō tātou ao tūroa.
Te Ture Taketake o te Āhuatanga Taumaha
Kei te pūtake o te kukume ā-papatipu te ture ā-papatipu whānui a Isaac Newton, i whakapuakina i te rautau 17. E ai ki a Newton, ko te kaha ā-papatipu i waenga i ngā papatipu e rua he rite tonu ki te hua o ō rāua papatipu, ā, he rite whakamuri ki te tapawhā o te tawhiti e wehe ana i a rāua. Mā te pāngarau:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \]
I konei, ko \(F\) te kaha ā-papatipu, ko \(G\) te pūmau ā-papatipu (\(6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2}\)), ko \(m_1\) me \(m_2\) ngā papatipu, ā, ko \(r\) te tawhiti i waenganui i ō rāua pokapū papatipu.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tauira māmā, ātaahua hoki i te mauri o te kukume ā-papa, e pono ana mō ngā taunekeneke i ngā tauine whenua me te ao tūroa.
Ngā Taunekeneke Ā-papa i roto i te Pūnaha Rā
Hei mārama pono ki te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi, me titiro noa ki tō tātou ake pūnaha rā, he taiwhanga rangi e taunekeneke ana ki ngā taunekeneke. Ka whakamahia e ia aorangi he kukume ā-papa ki runga i ia aorangi, ā, ko te mutunga iho he pūnaha matatini, engari he pūnaha raupapa, o ngā porowhita me ngā nekehanga.
Hei tauira, whakaarohia a Papatūānuku me Hūpiter. Ahakoa he iti noa te kaha o te kaha ā-papa o Hūpiter i te tawhiti o Papatūānuku tata ki te 778 miriona kiromita, he mea nui tana mahi ki te pumau o te porowhita o Papatūānuku, tae atu ki te piko o te tuaka o tō tātou aorangi. Ahakoa tēnei pakanga ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi, ko tō rātou kukume kaha rawa atu ki te rā ka whakarite kia noho tonu rātou i roto i ngā porowhita porowhita e taea te matapae.
Ngā Pōrearea me te Nekehanga Aorangi
I roto i te pūnaha rā, ko ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi ka puta he raruraru—he rerekētanga iti mai i ō rātou porowhita porowhita tino pai. He mea nui ēnei raruraru mō te tika o ngā mahi hangarau o te rangi, ā, koinei te take kāore ngā aorangi e whai i ngā porowhita Keplerian tino tika. Nā te awe ā-papa o ētahi atu aorangi ka puta he nekehanga whakamua o ngā pona, ka oho ake hoki ngā porowhita i te rahi me te āhua.
Ko tētahi o ngā tauira rongonui o tēnei āhuatanga ko te whakararuraru o Neptune i runga i te porowhita o Uranus. I mua i te kitenga o Neptune i te tau 1846, i kite ngā tohunga whetū kua peka ke a Uranus i tana ara i matapaetia, ā, ka ārahi i a rātou ki te whakapae kei reira tētahi mea nui kāore i te mōhiotia. Nā tēnei matapae angitu i whakanui te awe nui o ngā whakararuraru ā-papa i roto i ngā mahi ā-rangi.
Te Āhuatanga me ngā Kaha Tai
Ka kitea anō hoki te kukume ā-papa i roto i ngā aukume ā-porowhita me ngā kaha tai, ka tāpiri atu i ngā paparanga ki ngā whanaketanga uaua i waenga i ngā aorangi. Ka puta te aukume ā-porowhita ina whakamahia e ngā tinana e rua e porowhita ana he awe ā-papa auau, ā-wā ki a rātou anō. Ko tētahi tauira whakamiharo ko te aukume 2:3 o Neptune me Purūtō, ina mō ia porowhita e rua o Neptune, ka oti i a Purūtō e toru ngā porowhita. Mā ēnei aukume ka pumau ngā porowhita mō ngā wā roa, ka ārai i ngā tūtakitanga tata me ngā tukinga pea.
Ka puta mai ngā kaha tai i te pikinga ā-papatipu—te rerekētanga o te kaha ā-papatipu i runga i ngā rahi o tētahi mea. Ko ēnei kaha te kawenga mō te raka tai, ina rite te wā porowhita o tētahi tinana ki tōna wā hurihuri, ka whakaatu i te mata kotahi ki tētahi atu tinana. Ko te hurihuri tukutahi o te maha o ngā marama, tae atu ki tō tātou ake marama, he hua tika o ngā taunekeneke tai.
I ngā wā tino kino, ka tino kaha ngā tai ka whakapohehe i ngā aorangi. Hei tauira, ko te papa nui o te kaha ā-papa o Hūpiterā ka meinga tōna marama a Io kia piko, ka whakamahana i roto, ka akiaki hoki i ngā mahi puia kaha.
Āwhina Ā-Aorangi
I te taumata mahi, kua whakamahia te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi mō te haereere ā-wāhi i waenga i ngā aorangi. Ka whakamahia e ngā āwhina ā-papa, arā, ngā pere tātā, te nekehanga whanaunga me te kaha o ngā aorangi hei whakarerekē i te ara me te tere o te waka mokowhiti me te kore e pau te wahie tāpiri. Mā te whakamahere āta i te huarahi e haere mai ai te waka mokowhiti, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahere misioni te whakanui ake i tōna tere, ka taea ai e ngā misioni tūhura te tae atu ki ngā wāhi tawhiti me te whai hua ake. Ko ngā misioni Voyager ngā tauira pai o tēnei tikanga, nā te mea kua angitu tā rātou toro atu ki a Hūpiter, Hātare, Ūrānu, me Neputene mā te whakamahi i ngā āwhina ā-papa.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taupatupatu me te Pōrearea
Ahakoa ka taea e ngā kaha ā-papa te arahi ki ngā harurutanga ōrite, ka taea hoki e rātou te hua ake he whanonga pōrearea. I roto i ngā wā roa, ka taea e te taunekeneke ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi te arahi ki te kore pumau me ngā porowhita kore e taea te matapae. Ahakoa he pumau te nuinga o te pūnaha rā, he iti noa ngā āhuatanga pōrearea. Ka taea e ngā raruraru iti te kohikohi i roto i ngā miriona tau, ka arahi ki ngā huringa nui o ngā whirihoranga porowhita.
Mā te rangahau i ēnei āhua kore pumau o te kaha ā-papa ka āwhina i ngā kaitātari whetū ki te mārama ki ngā huringa pea o ngā porowhita aorangi ā muri ake nei. Hei tauira, e kī ana ngā whakatauira ka tino rerekē te porowhita o Mercury i roto i ngā piriona tau nā ngā raruraru o te kaha ā-papa, ā, ka ārahi pea ki tōna peinga atu i te pūnaha rā.
Kei tua atu i te Pūnaha Rā
Kāore te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi e herea ana ki tō tātou pūnaha rā anake. Ko ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i ngā whetū tawhiti ka uru ki ngā taunekeneke ā-papa rite tonu, e whakaatu ana i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ō rātou taumaha me ngā āhuatanga porowhita. Ko ngā tikanga rerekētanga wā whakawhiti (TTV) me te tere radial ka kitea ngā aorangi mā te tirotiro i ngā pānga ā-papa e pā ana ki a rātou tetahi ki tetahi, ki ō rātou whetū manaaki rānei.
Ko te kitenga o ngā pūnaha aorangi maha, ko ētahi he porowhita piripono, e wero ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te hanganga me te whanaketanga o ngā aorangi. Ka pāngia e ngā taunekeneke ā-papa i roto i ēnei pūnaha ō rātou hoahoa porowhita, e hanga ana i tō rātou pumau mō te wā roa me te āheinga noho pea.
Opaniraa
Ahakoa he ariā māmā noa iho te kukume ā-papa i waenga i ngā aorangi, koia te mea e whakahaere ana i te kanikani uaua o ngā tinana o te rangi. Mai i te pupuri i te pumau o ngā porowhita aorangi ki te whakahohe i ngā misioni whakawhiti aorangi me te hura i ngā mea ngaro o ngā ao tawhiti, ko tēnei kaha taketake te tūāpapa o te ahupūngao whetū. I roto i te whatu ao nui, ka whatu te kaha ā-papa i ngā miro, ka herea ngātahi ngā tini mea e hanga ana i tō tātou ao. I a tātou e haere tonu ana ki te tūhura me te mārama ki ngā taunekeneke ā-papa, ka hurahia e tātou ngā pono hohonu ake mō te āhua o te wāhi, te wā, me te hanganga tonu o te ao tūturu.
