He tuhinga mō te Whakamāramatanga o te pūnga
Ko te whakamāramatanga o te pūnga hiko he taputapu e penapena ana i te utu hiko me te pūngao pūmanawa hiko. Ko te pūnga hiko māmā he pereti, he rau rānei e rua ngā kaiārahi hiko e whakanohoia tata ana tetahi ki tetahi engari kāore e pā tetahi ki tetahi, ā, e wehea ana e te ārai hiko, e te korehau rānei. Ko ngā kaiārahi hiko he rauemi e taea ai te kawe i te iahiko hiko pērā i te konganuku, ko ngā ārai hiko he rauemi kāore e taea te kawe i te iahiko hiko pērā i te kirihou.
I te tīmatanga, kāore ngā kaiārahi e rua i te whai utu hiko, i te kore rānei e whai utu hiko. Kia whai utu pai tetahi kaiārahi, kia whai utu kino tetahi atu kaiārahi, me whakawhiti ngā irahiko mai i tētahi kaiārahi ki tētahi atu. Kei runga i te mata o te ngota ngā irahiko, nō reira he ngāwari te neke. I muri i te nekenga o ngā irahiko mai i tētahi kaiārahi ki tētahi atu, he nui rawa ngā irahiko o tētahi o ngā kaiārahi (te kore o ngā porotana).
kia kino ai te utu, engari he iti te irahiko o te kaiārahi (he nui rawa te pūrotana) kia pai ai te utu. Ka arotakehia he whakaahuatanga taipitopito o te tukanga utu hiko i runga i ngā pūnga hiko mō te kaupapa o te penapena pūngao hiko i roto i ngā pūnga hiko.
E ai ki te pikitia i te taha, ko tētahi o ngā pereti arataki he utu pai (+Q) ko tētahi atu pereti arataki he utu kino (-Q). He ōrite te utu hiko i roto i ia pereti engari he tohu rerekē tōna, nō reira ko te utu katoa he kore (QQ = 0). Ko te noho o tētahi utu hiko me te rahi ōrite me te tohu rerekē i runga i ia pereti ka puta he rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pereti e rua. He nui ake te pūmanawa hiko o te arataki utu pai, ko te arataki utu kino he iti ake te pūmanawa hiko. Arā, he āpure hiko kei waenganui i ngā arataki utu e rua, ko te ahunga o te āpure hiko mai i te utu pai ki te utu kino. E ai ki te kaupapa o te pūngao pūmanawa hiko, mēnā he āpure hiko, he rerekētanga rānei o te pūmanawa hiko i waenga i ngā pereti arataki e rua, me whai pūngao pūmanawa hiko i roto i ngā pereti e rua.
Ko te pūngao pūmanawa te kaha ki te mahi i te mahi. Mena ka rongoa e te pūngao te pūngao hiko, ka taea e te pūngao te mahi. He pono, he maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā pūngao i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Ko ngā pūngao tētahi o ngā wāhanga nui o ngā ara iahiko hiko, ko ngā ara iahiko hiko te pūtake o ngā momo taputapu hiko.
