Isihloko: Ithiyori kaSchumpeter: Ukuhlola Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha kanye Nokuguquguquka Kobungxowankulu
I-Pendahuluan
Ithiyori kaSchumpeter, eyavela emsebenzini wesazi sezomnotho esidumile uJoseph Schumpeter, inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuqhuba kanjani ukuguquguquka kobungxowankulu. Wazalelwa eMoravia, manje eseyingxenye yeCzech Republic, ngo-1883, uSchumpeter waba ngomunye wabacabangi bezomnotho abaphambili bekhulu lama-20. Omunye weminikelo yakhe enethonya elikhulu kwakuwukucabanga kwakhe ngendima yosomabhizinisi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekushayeleni umnotho wobungxowankulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izici ezahlukahlukene zethiyori kaSchumpeter, ikakhulukazi umbono wakhe 'wokubhujiswa kokudala' kanye nendima yosomabhizinisi njengabameleli boshintsho kwezomnotho.
Isingeniso ku-Schumpeter's Theory
USchumpeter wayebheka ubungxowankulu njengohlelo olushintshashintshayo oluqhubekayo, oluqhutshwa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha. Ngokungafani nezazi zezomnotho eziningi zesikhathi sakhe, ezazibheka umnotho ngokwezinga lokulingana, uSchumpeter waphikisana ngokuthi umnotho awukaze uzinze ngempela. Kunalokho, waphakamisa ukuthi umnotho uhlala usenkambisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa yokungazinzi okubangelwa ukusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ngokusho kukaSchumpeter, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuza ngezindlela eziningi: imikhiqizo emisha, izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza, izimakethe ezintsha, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zenhlangano. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha kuqhutshwa osomabhizinisi abathatha izingozi futhi bethule imibono eshintsha indlela izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa noma ezithengiswa ngayo.
Ukubhujiswa Kokudala
Umqondo 'wokubhujiswa kokudala' uyisisekelo sombono kaSchumpeter futhi ubhekisela enkambisweni lapho izinto ezintsha ezintsha zibhubhisa khona izimboni noma izinkampani ezikhona, zivula indlela yentuthuko yezomnotho. Nakuba le nqubo ingaba buhlungu, ngokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi ekhona kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, uSchumpeter wayekholelwa ukuthi iyisici esibalulekile sokukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside.
Ukubhujiswa kokudala kuchaza indlela ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okwenza okudala kuphelelwe yisikhathi. Isibonelo, ukufika kwezimoto kwathatha indawo yenqola edonswa amahhashi, futhi muva nje, ukufika kwe-inthanethi kuye kwashintsha kakhulu izimboni zezindaba kanye nezitolo. Nakuba lokhu kuye kwasho ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi kweminye imikhakha, kuphinde kwavula amathuba emisebenzi emisha kanye nezimboni.
Indima Yabamabhizinisi
USchumpeter ubeke osomabhizinisi enkabeni yenqubo yokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngokombono wakhe, osomabhizinisi bangabameleli boshintsho ababona futhi basebenzise amathuba ukudala inani elisha. Bangabantu abadlula imingcele yendabuko ukudala imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo ezingakaze zibe khona ngaphambili.
Ngokusho kukaSchumpeter, osomabhizinisi abagcini nje ngokuba ngabasunguli bezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi bangabaphathi bezingozi nabaholi abaphefumulelayo. Bayakwazi ukubona ngale kwesimo samanje futhi babone ikusasa elihlukile. Ngokusebenzisa la makhono, baphazamisa izimakethe ezikhona futhi badale imijikelezo emisha yokuhweba nokutshalwa kwezimali.
Ukuguquguquka Kwemijikelezo Yebhizinisi
Umsebenzi kaSchumpeter uphinde unikeze umbono oyingqayizivele ngemijikelezo yebhizinisi. Uphikise ngokuthi izinto ezintsha zivame ukuza ngamagagasi, okuholela emijikelezweni yokukhula komnotho kanye nokuncipha. Lapho kwethulwa izinto ezintsha ezinkulu, zivame ukuholela ezikhathini zokukhula komnotho okunamandla. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lezi zinto ezintsha zisakazeka futhi ziqala ukuvala amandla engeziwe noma zibhekene nokuncintisana, ukukhula kuyahamba kancane, ekugcineni kuholele ekuwohlokeni komnotho.
Lo mjikelezo, yize ubonakala ubhubhisa, empeleni uyindlela yokuthi umnotho uzivuselele futhi ugcine ukukhula kwesikhathi eside. Ngokombono kaSchumpeter, ukwehla kwamandla omnotho kuyadingeka ukuze kushintshwe izinsizakusebenza zisuke ezimbonini eziwohlokayo ziye kwezimboni ezintsha, ezishintshashintshayo nezikhiqizayo.
Ukugxekwa Nokubaluleka Kwemfundiso KaSchumpeter
Njengayo yonke imfundiso yezomnotho enkulu, ukucabanga kukaSchumpeter kuye kwagxekwa. Abanye abagxeki bathi umbono kaSchumpeter ngokubhujiswa kokudala uvame ukunganaki imiphumela yomphakathi yoshintsho olusheshayo kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa ukungasebenzi kanye nokusabalala kokungalingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcizelela kwakhe osomabhizinisi njengabashukumisi abayinhloko bokusungula izinto ezintsha ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa njengokunganaki indima yokusungula izinto ezintsha ngokubambisana kanye nezikhungo.
Kodwa-ke, imibono kaSchumpeter mayelana nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokubhubhisa okudala isasebenza nanamuhla. Ezweni lebhizinisi nobuchwepheshe elisheshayo, ukubhubhisa okudala kungabonakala emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene. Isibonelo esicacile imboni yezobuchwepheshe bolwazi, lapho izinkampani ezinkulu zingashintshwa khona ngokushesha yizinkampani ezintsha ezintsha. Ngokufanayo, embonini yamandla, lapho ukusungula izinto ezintsha kumandla avuselelekayo kuguqula khona isimo samandla omhlaba wonke.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori kaSchumpeter inikeza umbono oguquguqukayo noqhubekayo ngobungxowankulu. Ngokugqamisa indima yokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nosomabhizinisi, uSchumpeter unikeza uhlaka olunamandla lokuqonda ushintsho nokukhula komnotho. Umqondo wokubhujiswa kokudala, yize uphikisana, ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokusimama ohlelweni lomnotho oluhlala lushintsha.
Esimweni sanamuhla, lapho ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kwenzeka khona ngokushesha, imibono kaSchumpeter isisiza siqonde inqubo yokuvela komnotho. Ngokuhlala sihlola ukuthi izinto ezintsha zingathinta kanjani imboni kanye nomphakathi, singakulungela kangcono ukubhekana nezinselele namathuba azayo. Ngaphezu nje kwemfundiso yezomnotho, imibono kaSchumpeter iyisiqondiso sokuhamba ezweni eliqhutshwa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye noshintsho.
