Ithiyori Yokukhula Engokwemvelo: Ukwembula Indlela Yokukhula Komnotho Ngaphakathi
I-Pendahuluan
Ezifundweni zezomnotho, isici esisodwa esibalulekile esiqhubeka nokuba yinto ebalulekile kosomnotho kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo ukukhula komnotho. Izwe noma isifunda singakuthola kanjani ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwemali engenayo kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila kwezakhamuzi zalo? Phakathi kwemibono ehlukahlukene ezama ukuchaza lesi simo, inkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo iphethe isikhundla esiyingqayizivele, iqokomisa izici zangaphakathi eziqhuba ukukhula komnotho.
Isingeniso ku-Endogenous Growth Theory
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous yavela ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwethiyori yokukhula kwe-neoclassical, eyayithembele kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle njengokukhula kwabantu kanye nokuqoqwa kwemali njengezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela ukukhula komnotho. Kuthiyori ye-neoclassical, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yayibhekwa njengento yangaphandle eyayingenakuchazeka ngemodeli, kodwa empeleni, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iwumphumela wokutshalwa kwezimali, inqubomgomo, kanye nomzamo womuntu.
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous isikisela ukuthi izici zangaphakathi ezifana nokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni (R&D), ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yezinsizakusebenza zabantu, kanye nezinqubomgomo nezikhungo zomnotho zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lokukhula komnotho isikhathi eside. Le thiyori inikeza umbono wokuthi ukukhula komnotho kungavela ezinqubweni zasekhaya ezidala imibono, ubuchwepheshe, futhi zikhulise umkhiqizo njalo.
Imodeli Eyisisekelo Yethiyori Yokukhula Engokwemvelo
Enye yamamodeli ayisisekelo kumbono wokukhula kwemvelo yimodeli ye-AK, eyathuthukiswa osomnotho abanjengoPaul Romer noRobert Lucas. Ukucabanga okuyinhloko kwale modeli ukuthi izinga lembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali alinciphi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuphambene nombono we-neoclassical ophakamisa izinga lokuncipha kwembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali. Le modeli igcizelela ukubaluleka kokutshalwa kwezimali olwazini nasekuqambeni izinto ezintsha, okungakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho okungapheli.
Enye imodeli eyaziwayo yi-Romer model, ebeka ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe njengomphumela wokutshalwa kwezimali ku-R&D. Kulo modeli, i-Romer ikhombisa ukuthi izinkampani kanye nabantu ababandakanyeka ku-R&D bakha "ulwazi olusha," olukhulisa umkhiqizo futhi luqhube ukukhula komnotho. Lolu lwazi aluncintisani futhi alunakuhlukaniswa, okusho ukuthi uma seludaliwe, amaqembu amaningi angalusebenzisa ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani lalo.
Indima Yokusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nobuchwepheshe
Enye yezinsika eziyinhloko zenkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo ukugcizelela ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe njengabashayeli bokukhula. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha akuhlanganisi nje kuphela izinto ezintsha ezisunguliwe kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa imikhiqizo nezinqubo ezikhona. Lezi zinhlelo zandisa ukusebenza kahle futhi zandisa amathuba okukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela kuqhubekisele phambili ukukhula komnotho.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Broadband, isibonelo, buvule amathuba amasha ezomnotho ngokwandisa ukuxhumana kanye nokushintshana kolwazi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana, ubuchwepheshe be-bio, kanye namandla avuselelekayo kuyizibonelo ezicacile zendlela intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eqhuba ngayo ukukhula komnotho okusimeme.
Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Wabasebenzi
Ithiyori yokukhula kwe-endogenous iphinde ibheke imali yabantu—ulwazi lomuntu, amakhono, kanye nempilo—njengesici esibalulekile enkambisweni yokukhula. Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kuthuthukisa amakhono kanye nokukhiqiza kwabasebenzi, okubuye kube nomthelela omuhle emkhiqizweni wezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni nasempilweni kuyisu elibalulekile lokukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho we-endogenous.
Izibonelo eziqondile zokutshala imali emalini yabantu zifaka phakathi izinqubomgomo zemfundo ehlanganisa bonke kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okungabizi. Amazwe anezinhlelo zemfundo eziqinile kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuseqophelweni eliphezulu avame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okukhula komnotho ngoba abasebenzi abafundile nabanempilo bakhiqiza kakhulu futhi banemibono emisha.
Indima Yezinqubomgomo Nezikhungo
Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye nekhwalithi yezikhungo nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile embonweni wokukhula kwangaphakathi. Izinqubomgomo ezisekela ucwaningo nentuthuko, zivikele amalungelo empahla yobuhlakani, futhi zinikeze izikhuthazo zokusungula izinto ezintsha zingakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho. Izikhungo eziqinile, njengohlelo lwezomthetho olufanele nolusebenzayo kanye nomkhakha wezezimali osobala nozinzile, zakha indawo efanelekile yomsebenzi wezomnotho kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Izibonelo zalokhu kuqaliswa yizinqubomgomo zoxhaso lwe-R&D, izikhuthazo zentela zezinkampani eziphinde zitshale inzuzo yazo ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha, kanye nokusekela amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) ukufinyelela ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezimakethe.
Ucwaningo Lwecala Nokusetshenziswa
Njengomfanekiso, amazwe aseNordic afana neFinland neSweden avame ukucashunwa njengezibonelo eziphumelelayo zokusetshenziswa kwezici zenkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwawo okukhulu kwezemfundo, i-R&D, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi nezomnotho ezibandakanya wonke umuntu kuveze ukukhula komnotho okuzinzile nokuqhubekayo.
E-Asia, iNingizimu Korea nayo iyisibonelo sezwe elisebenzise ngempumelelo le mbono. Ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwezemfundo nobuchwepheshe kanye nokusekelwa okuqinile kwemboni ye-R&D, iNingizimu Korea ishintshe isuka ekubeni yizwe elinemali engenayo ephansi yaba ngelinye lamazwe athuthukile kakhulu emhlabeni eminyakeni embalwa nje.
Ukugxekwa Kwenkolelo-mbono Yokukhula Okungokwemvelo
Naphezu kokunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile, inkolelo-mbono yokukhula kwemvelo ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Ezinye zezigxeko eziyinhloko zigxila ekucabangeni kwayo okucatshangwayo okunengqondo ngokweqile mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubomgomo nezikhungo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imodeli ibhekwa njengengazinaki izici zangaphandle njengemvelo yomhlaba wonke kanye nokungaqiniseki kwezepolitiki, okuphinde kuthonye ukukhula komnotho.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yokukhula kwemvelo inikeza uhlaka olucebile lokuqonda ukuguquguquka kokukhula komnotho ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezomnotho. Ngokugqamisa ukubaluleka kokusungula izinto ezintsha, abantu, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezikhungo, le thiyori isiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nosomnotho ukuthi baklame amasu asebenzayo okufeza ukukhula komnotho okusimeme kwesikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwale thiyori kudinga ukulungiswa nokuhlanganiswa nezimo zendawo kanye nezinselele zomhlaba wonke ukuze kukhuthazwe ngempumelelo ukukhula komnotho okuhle kakhulu.
