I-physics

1. Ubude obuqondile besibuko esijiyile buyi-10 cm kanti ibanga lento liyi-20 cm. Nquma (a) ibanga lesithombe (b) ukukhuliswa kwesithombe

Kwaziwa:

Ubude be-focal (f) = -10 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi indawo egxile esibukweni esijiyile ingokoqobo

Ibanga lento ( do _o ) = 20 cm

Isixazululo:

Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:

Ibanga lesithombe (di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = -1/10 – 1/20 = -2/20 – 1/20 = _-3/20

d _i = -20/3 = -6.7 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi.

Ukukhulisa isithombe:

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-6.7)/20 = 6.7/20 = 0.3

m = 0,3 isikhathi esincane kunento.

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphezulu.

2. Into ephakeme engamasentimitha ayi-10 ibekwa phambi kwesibuko esijiyile esinobude obuqondile obungamasentimitha angama-20. Nquma ukuphakama kwesithombe uma ibanga lento lingu-(a) 10 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 50 cm

Kwaziwa:

Ubude obuqondile besibuko esijiyile (f) = -20 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi indawo egxile kuyo ingokoqobo

Irediyasi yokugoba ( r ) = 2 f = 2(20) = 40 cm

Ukuphakama kwento (h) = 10 cm

Isixazululo:

a) ubude obuqondile (f) = -20 cm kanye nebanga lento (do _o ) = 10 cm

Ibanga lesithombe (di _i ) :

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = -1/20 – 1/10 = -1/20 – 2/20 = _-3/20

d _i = -20/3 = -6.7

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-6.7)/10 = 6.7/10 = 0.67

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Isithombe sincane ngo-0.67 kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (10 cm)(0.67) = 6.7 cm

b) ubude bokugxila (f) = -20 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 30 cm

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = -1/20 – 1/30 = -3/60 – 2/60 = _-5/60

d _i = -60/5 = -12

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-12)/30 = 12/30 = 0.4

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Isithombe sincane ngokuphindwe ka-0,4 kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (10 cm)(0.4) = 4 cm

c) Ubude be-focal (f) = -20 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 40 cm

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = -1/20 – 1/40 = -2/40 – 1/40 = _-3/40

d _i = -40/3 = -13.3

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko esijiyile.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-13.3)/40 = 13.3/40 = 0.3

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Isithombe sincane ngo-0.3 kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe ( h _{i )} :

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (10 cm)(0.3) = 3 cm

d) Ubude obuqondile (f) = -20 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 50 cm

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = -1/20 – 1/50 = -5/100 – 2/100 = _-7/100

d _i = -100/7 = -14.3

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko esijiyile.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-14.3)/50 = 14.3/50 = 0.3

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Isithombe sincane ngo-0.3 kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ) :

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (10 cm)(0.3) = 3 cm

3. Entweni ingu-20 cm phambi kwesibuko esijiyile . Uma ukuphakama kwesithombe kuphindwe ka-1/5 kunokuphakama kwento, nquma ( a) ubude besithombe b) ubude obuqondile c) izakhiwo zesithombe

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento ( do _o ) = 20 cm

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ) = 1/5 h = 0.2 h

Ukuphakama kwento (h) = h

Isixazululo:

a) ibanga lesithombe ( di _i )

Ifomula yokukhulisa isithombe :

m = h _i / h _o = 0.2h / h = 0.2

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Isithombe sincane ngo-0.2 kunento.

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

– d _i = md _o

di _i = – m do _o = -(0.2)(20 cm) = -4 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko esijiyile.

b) Ubude bokugxila ( f)

Ubude bokugxila (f):

1/f = 1/ do _o + 1/ di = 1/20 – 1/4 = 1/20 – 5/20 = _-4/20

f = -20/4 = -5 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi indawo egxile kuyo ingokoqobo.

c) Izakhiwo zesithombe:

– Okuqondile

– Okuncane

- okubonakalayo

4. Ukukhanya kushaya isibuko esijiyile esihambisana ne-axis kuzobonakala….

A. maqondana nendawo egxile esibukweni

B. njengoba usuka endaweni egxile esibukweni

C. phakathi nendawo yokugoba kwesibuko

D. iqonde ngqo endizeni yesibuko

Isixazululo

Inkinga idwetshwe esithombeni esingezansi.

Impendulo efanele ngu-B.

5. Umgibeli webhayisikili ubona isithombe sesithuthuthu ngemuva kwaso ngokuphindwe kayi-1/6 ngobukhulu baso bokuqala lapho ibanga eliphakathi komgibeli wesithuthuthu nesithuthuthu lingamamitha angu-30. Thola irediyasi yokugoba kwesibuko sokubuka sangemuva…

A. 7.14 m

B. 8.57 m

C. 12.00 m

D. 24.00 m

Kwaziwa:

Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = 1/6 izikhathi

Ibanga lento (d) = amamitha angu-30

Okufunwayo: Irediyasi yokugoba kwesibuko sokubuka sangemuva (R)

Isixazululo:

Bala ibanga lesithombe (d')

Njengoba ukukhuliswa kwesithombe (M) kanye nebanga (ama) lento sekwaziwa, ibanga lesithombe lingaziwa kusetshenziswa ifomula yokukhuliswa kwesithombe:

Uphawu olunegethivu lusho ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi. Isithombe singemuva kwesibuko esijijekile ngamamitha ama-5.

Bala ubude be-focal (f)

Njengoba ibanga lento (d) kanye nebanga lesithombe (d'), khona-ke ubude bokugxila bungabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula yesibuko:

Irediyasi yokugoba (R)

Irediyasi yokugoba kwesibuko esijiyile iphindwe kabili kunobude obuqondile besibuko esijiyile.
R = 2 f = 2 (amamitha ayi-6) = amamitha ayi-12
Irediyasi yokugoba kwesibuko esijiyile ingamamitha ayi-12.
Impendulo efanele ithi C.

6. Isibuko esijiyile sikhethwa njengesibuko sokubuka ngemuva sesithuthuthu ngoba izakhiwo zesithombe esikhiqizwe yisibuko…

A. yangempela, eqondile, encishisiwe

B. yangempela, eqondile, ekhulisiwe

C. okubonakalayo, okuqondile, okuncishisiwe

D. ebonakalayo, eqondile, ekhulisiwe

Isixazululo:

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zithombe ezimbili ezingenhla kungaphethwa ngokuthi izakhiwo zesithombe zingokoqobo, ziqondile, zincishisiwe.

Impendulo efanele ithi C.

7. Into ingamasentimitha ayi-12 phambi kwesibuko esijiyile esinobubanzi obungamasentimitha ayi-6. Izakhiwo zesithombe yilezi…

A. yangempela, eguquliwe ebangeni elingama-12 cm

B. yangempela, iqonde ebangeni elingama-4 cm

C. ebonakalayo, iqonde ebangeni elingama-2.4 cm

D. ebonakalayo, eguquliwe ebangeni elingamasentimitha angu-6

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento (d) = 12 cm

Irediyasi yesibuko esijiyile (r) = 6 cm.

Ubude obugxile besibuko esiqondile (f) = 6 cm / 2 = -3 cm

Ubude be-focal yesibuko esijiyile busayinwe bungemuhle ngoba buyi-virtual. I-Virtual ngoba ayidluliswa ukukhanya.

Okufunwayo: Izakhiwo zesithombe

Isixazululo:

Ibanga lesithombe (d'):

1/d' = 1/f – 1/d = -1/3 – 1/12 = -4/12 – 1/12 = -5/12

d' = -12/5 = -2.4 cm

Ibanga lesithombe elisayinwe njengelingevithi lisho ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi.

Ukukhulisa isithombe (m):

m = -d' / d = -(-2.4) / 12 = 2.4 / 12 = izikhathi ezingu-0.2

Ukukhulisa isithombe esisayinwe kahle kusho ukuthi isithombe siqondile kanti ukukhulisa isithombe kungu-0.2 kusho ukuthi usayizi wesithombe mncane kunosayizi wento (oncishisiwe).

Impendulo efanele ithi C.

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1. Izinkinga zesibuko esigoqekile kanye nezixazululo
2. Izinkinga zesibuko esiguquguqukayo nezixazululo
3. Izinkinga nezixazululo zamalensi ahlukahlukene
4. Ukuhlanganisa izinkinga nezixazululo zelensi
5. Izinsimbi zokubona izinkinga zamehlo abantu kanye nezixazululo
6. Izinkinga nezixazululo zamalensi okuxhumana amathuluzi okusebenza
7. Izibuko zamehlo zethuluzi lokubonisa
8. Izinsimbi zokukhanya ezikhulisa izinkinga zeglasi kanye nezixazululo
9. I-microscope yethuluzi lokubona - izinkinga nezixazululo
10. Izinkinga nezixazululo zama-telescope ezinsimbi zokubona

Funda kabanzi

1. Into ibekwa ibanga elingamasentimitha ayi-10 ukusuka esibukweni esigobile . Ubude obuqondile bungamasentimitha ama-5. Thola (a) Ibanga lesithombe ( b) ukukhuliswa kwesithombe

Kwaziwa:

Ubude obuqondile (f) = 5 cm

Ibanga lento ( do _o ) = 10 cm

Isixazululo :

Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:

Ibanga lesithombe:

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ _{do o} = _1/5 – 1/10 = 2/10 – 1/10 = 1/10

d _i = 10/1 = 10 cm

Ibanga lesithombe lingu- 10 cm.

Ukukhulisa:

m = – di _i / do _o = -10/10 = -1

1 isho ukuthi isithombe sifana nento.

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe. Uma uphawu luhle, isithombe siqondile.

2. Into engamasentimitha angu-5 ukuphakama ibekwa phambi kwesibuko esigobile esinobubanzi obugobile obungamasentimitha angu-20. Nquma ukuphakama kwesithombe uma ibanga lento lingu- 5 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm.

Kwaziwa:

Irediyasi yokugoba ( r ) = 20 cm

Ubude obuqondile (f) = R/2 = 20/2 = 10 cm

Ukuphakama kwento (h _o ) = 5 cm

Isixazululo:

a) ubude obuqondile (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 5 cm

Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = 1/10 – 1/5 = 1/10 – 2/10 = _-1/10

d _i = -10/1 = -10 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -(-10)/5 = 10/5 = 2

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe ( h _i ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (5 cm)(2) = 10 cm

Ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-10 cm.

b) Ubude be-focal (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 15 cm

Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do _o = 1/10 – 1/15 = 3/30 – 2/30 = _1/30

d _i = 30/1 = 30 cm

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe singaphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-30, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -30/15 = -2

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.

Isithombe sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (5 cm)(2) = 10 cm

Ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-10 cm.

c) Ubude be-focal (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 20 cm

Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:

Ibanga lesithombe (di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ _{do o} = _1/10 – 1/20 = 2/20 – 1/20 = 1/20

d _i = 20/1 = 20 cm

Isibonakaliso esihle sibonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe siphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angama-20, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):

m = – di _i / do _o = -20/20 = -1

Uphawu olunegethivu lusho ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe ( hi ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h m = (5 cm)(1) = 5 cm

d) Ubude obuqondile (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do _o ) = 30 cm

Ibanga lesithombe ( di _i ):

1/ di = 1/f – 1/ _{do o} = _1/10 – 1/30 = 3/30 – 1/30 = 2/30

d _i = 30/2 = 15 cm

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe siphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-15, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m) :

m = – di _i / do _o = -15/30 = -0.5

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.

Isithombe sincane ngo-0.5 kunento.

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ):

m = h _i / h _o

h _i = h _o m = (5 cm)(0.5) = 2.5 cm

3. Isithombe esidalwe yisibuko esigobile sikhulu ngokuphindwe kane kunento. Uma i-radius yokugoba ingu-20 cm, nquma ibanga lento ephambi kwesibuko!

Kwaziwa:

Ukukhulisa isithombe ( m ) = 4

Irediyasi yokugoba ( r ) = 20 cm

Ubude obuqondile (f) = r /2 = 20/2 = 10 cm

Okufunwayo : Ibanga lento ( do _o )

Isixazululo:

m = – di _i / do _o

4 = – di _{i /} do _o

– d _i = 4 do _o

d _i = – 4 do _o

1/f = 1/ do _o + 1/ di _i

1/10 = 1/ do _o + 1/4 do _o

4/40 = 4/4 do _o + 1/4 do _o

4/40 = 5/4 do _o

(4)(4s) = (5)(40)

16 do ₌ 200

do _o = 12.5 cm

Ibanga lento = 12.5 cm.

4. Into ephakeme engu-1 cm ibekwa ku-10 cm ukusuka esibukweni esigobile esinobude obuqondile, f = 15 cm. Thola:

A. Ibanga lesithombe?

B. Ukuphakama kwesithombe?

C. Izakhiwo zesithombe ezakhiwe yisibuko esigobile?

Kwaziwa:

Ukuphakama kwento (h) = 1 cm

Ibanga lento (do _o ) = 10 cm

Ubude obugxile besibuko esigobile (f) = 15 cm

Isixazululo:

A. Ibanga lesithombe (d _i )

1/f = 1/do ₊ 1/d _i

1/di _i = 1/f – 1/do _o = 1/15 – 1/10 = 2/30 – 3/30 = -1/30

d _i = -30/1 = -30 cm

Uphawu olunegethivu lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.

B. Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i )

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe (M):

M = -d _i /d _o = h _i /h _o

M = -(-30)/10 = 30/10 = izikhathi ezi-3

Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h _i ):

M = h _i / h _o

3 = h _i / 1 cm

h _i = 3 (1 cm)

h _i = 3 cm

ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-3 cm. Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphezulu.

C. Izakhiwo zesithombe:

Okubonakalayo, phezulu, okukhulu kunento

5. Ukukhulisa isithombe, ngokusho kwesithombe esingezansi.

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento (do _o ) = 60 cm

Ubude obuqondile (f) = 20 cm

Okufunwayo: Ukukhulisa isithombe (M)

Isixazululo:

Ibanga lesithombe:

1/f = 1/do ₊ 1/d _i

1/usuku _i = 1/f – 1/usuku _o = 1/20 cm – 1/60 cm = 3/60 cm – 1/60 cm = 2/60 cm

d _i = 60/2 cm = 30 cm

Ukwandiswa kwesithombe (M):

M = di _i / do _o = 30 cm / 60 cm = 1/2 izikhathi

6. Uma into ibekwe ngamasentimitha angu-6 ukusuka esibukweni esigobile, ibanga lesithombe lingu-12 cm njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Liyini ibanga lesithombe uma into isuswa endaweni yokuqala ngamasentimitha angu-1 ukusuka esibukweni.

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento (do _o ) = 6 cm

Ibanga lesithombe (d _i ) = 12 cm

Okufunwayo: uma ibanga lento (do _o ) = 7 cm khona-ke ibanga lesithombe lingu …

Isixazululo:

1/f = 1/do + 1/di = 1/6 + 1/12 = 2/12 + 1/12 = 3/12

f = 12/3 = 4 cm

Ubude be-focal buyakha, okusho ukuthi i-focal point ingokoqobo noma imisebe idlula ephuzwini.

Ibanga lesithombe:

1/di _i = 1/f – 1/d _o = 1/4 – 1/7 = 7/28 – 4/28 = 3/28

d _i = 28/3 = 9.3 cm

7. Udokotela wamazinyo ubheka futhi ahlole amazinyo esiguli esebenzisa isibuko esinobubanzi obungu-8 cm. Ukuze umgodi ubonakale kahle ngudokotela, ibanga elingakanani phakathi kwamazinyo esiguli nesibuko?

A. ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile

B. ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esijiyile

C. ngaphezu kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile

D. ngaphezu kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esijiyile

Kwaziwa:

Irediyasi yesibuko (r) = 8 cm

Ubude obuqondile besibuko (f) = r / 2 = 8 / 2 = 4 cm

Okufunwayo: Ibanga eliphakathi kwamazinyo esiguli nesibuko

Isixazululo:

Isibuko esisetshenziswayo siyisibuko esigobile noma isibuko esigobile? Ukuze imbobo yezinyo ibonakale kahle ngudokotela, isibuko esisetshenziswayo kufanele sikwazi ukukhulisa isithombe sezinyo futhi isithombe kumele sime. Izibuko ezigobile zihlala zikhiqiza izithombe eziguquliwe futhi usayizi wesithombe mncane kunosayizi wento. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isibuko esigobile singakhiqiza isithombe esime uma ibanga lento (d) lincane kunobude obuqondile (f). Uma ibanga lento likhulu kunobude obuqondile (f) khona-ke isibuko esigobile sikhiqiza isithombe esiguquliwe.

Ubude be-focal (f) besibuko esigobile bungu-4 cm, ngakho-ke amazinyo esiguli kufanele abe ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile.

Impendulo eyiyo ngu-A.

8. Isibuko esigobile sinobubanzi obugobile obungu-24 cm. Uma into ibekwe phambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-20, nquma izakhiwo zesithombe.

A. Okungokoqobo, okuqondile futhi okukhulisiwe

B. Okungokoqobo, okuguquliwe futhi okukhulisiwe

C. Okubonakalayo, okuqondile futhi okukhulisiwe

D. Okubonakalayo, okuguquliwe futhi okuncane

Kwaziwa:

Irediyasi yokugoba (r) = 24 cm

Ubude be-focal (f) = R/2 = 24/2 = +12 cm

Ubude be-focal yesibuko esigobile bubuhle noma bungokoqobo ngoba ukukhanya kudlula endaweni e-focal yesibuko.

Ibanga lento (d) = 20 cm

Okufunwayo: Izakhiwo zesithombe

Isixazululo:

Isithombe singokoqobo noma singokoqobo? Bala ibanga lesithombe:

1/d + 1/d' = 1/f

1/d' = 1/f – 1/d

1/d' = 1/12 – 1/20

1/d' = 5/60 – 3/60

1/d' = 2/60

d' = 60/2

d' = 30 cm

Ibanga lesithombe elisayinwe libonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo ngoba sidlula ekukhanyeni.

Isithombe sikhulisiwe? Siqondile noma siguquliwe? Okokuqala bala ukukhuliswa kwesithombe (M):

M = -d' / d = -30/20 = -1.5

I-M > 1 isho ukuthi isithombe sikhulisiwe, i-M inophawu olunegative isho isithombe esiguquliwe. Ngakho-ke izakhiwo zesithombe zingokoqobo, ziguquliwe, zikhulisiwe.

Impendulo efanele ngu-B.

9. Isibuko esiyindilinga sikhiqiza isithombe esinosayizi omkhulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunento esesikrinini, esingamamitha ama-5 ukusuka entweni. Isibuko…..

I-A. concave enobude obuqondile obungu-25/24 m

B. convex enobude obugxile obungu-25/24 m

C. igobile enobude obuqondile obungu-24/25 m

D. convex enobude obugxile obungu-24/25 m

Kwaziwa:

Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = izikhathi ezi-5

Ibanga phakathi kwento nesithombe = amamitha angu-5

Isixazululo:

Usayizi wesithombe esikhiqizwe yisibuko esijiyile uhlala uncane kunosayizi wento, ngakho-ke, isibuko siyisibuko esijiyile.

Ibanga lento (d) = x

Ibanga lesithombe (d') = x + 5

Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = izikhathi ezi-5

Ifomula yokukhulisa isithombe:

Ifomula yobude obuqondile (f):

Impendulo eyiyo ngu-A.

[wpdm_package id='858′]

1. Izinkinga zesibuko esigoqekile kanye nezixazululo
2. Izinkinga zesibuko esiguquguqukayo nezixazululo
3. Izinkinga nezixazululo zamalensi ahlukahlukene
4. Ukuhlanganisa izinkinga nezixazululo zelensi
5. Izinsimbi zokubona izinkinga zamehlo abantu kanye nezixazululo
6. Izinkinga nezixazululo zamalensi okuxhumana amathuluzi okusebenza
7. Izibuko zamehlo zethuluzi lokubonisa
8. Izinsimbi zokukhanya ezikhulisa izinkinga zeglasi kanye nezixazululo
9. I-microscope yethuluzi lokubona - izinkinga nezixazululo
10. Izinkinga nezixazululo zama-telescope ezinsimbi zokubona

Funda kabanzi

1. Amanzi angu-1 kg ku- 100 ^o C axutshwe namanzi angu-1 kg ku- 10 ^o C ohlelweni oluhlukanisiwe. Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile kungu- 4200 J/kg ^o C. Thola izinga lokushisa lokugcina lengxube!

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo samanzi ashisayo (m ₁ ) = 1 kg

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi ashisayo (T ₁ ) = 100 ^o C

Isisindo samanzi abandayo (m2 ₎ = 1 kg

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi abandayo (T2 ₎ = 10 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T)

Isixazululo:

Ukushisa okulahlekile = Ukushisa okutholiwe (uhlelo oluhlukanisiwe)

m c Δ T = m c Δ T

m Δ T = m Δ T

m ₁ (T ₁ – T) = m ₂ (T – T ₂ )

(1)(100 – T) = (1)(T – 10)

100 – T = T – 10

100 + 10 = T + T

110 = 2T

T = 110 / 2

T = 55

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina lingu- 55 ^o C.

2. Ibhulokhi lomsizi elingamakhilogremu angu-3 ku-80^o kufakwe emanzini ayi-10 kg. Ukushisa okukhethekile kwe-lead kungu-1400 J.kg^-1C^-1 futhi ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile kungu-4200 J.kg^-1C^-1Izinga lokushisa lokugcina ekulinganisweni kokushisa liyi 20^oC. Thola izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi!

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m1 ₎ = 3 kg

Ukushisa okuqondile kwe-lead (c ₁ ) = 1400 J.kg ^-1 C ^-1

Izinga lokushisa lomthofu (T ₁ ) = 80 ^o C

Isisindo samanzi (m2 ₎ = 10 kg

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c ₂ ) = 4200 J.kg ^-1 C ^-1

Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 20 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi ( _T2 )

Isixazululo:

Ukushisa okulahlekile = Ukushisa okutholiwe

u-Q lead = amanzi ka-Q

m ₁ c ₁ ΔT = m ₂ c ₂ ΔT

(3)(1400)(80-20) = (10)(4200)(20-T)

(4200)(60) = (42,000)(20-T)

252,000 = 840,000 – 42,000 T

42,000 T = 840,000 – 252,000

42,000 T = 588,000

T = 588,000 / 42,000

T = 14

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamanzi lingu- 14 ^° C.

3. Ibhulokhi yethusi ku 100^oC kufakwe ku-128 amagremu amanzi ku- 30 ^oC. Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile 1 cal.g^-1oC^-1 futhi ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi 0.1 cal.g^-1oC^-1. Uma izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa liyi 36 ^oC, thola isisindo sethusi!

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa lethusi (T ₁ ) = 100 ^o C

Ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi (c ₁ ) = 0.1 c al.g ^-1o C ^-1

Isisindo samanzi (m2 ₎ = 128 amagremu

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi (T2 ₎ = 30 ^o C

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c ₂ ) = 1 kcal al.g ^-1o C ^-1

Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 36 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Isisindo sethusi (m ₁ )

Isixazululo:

Ukushisa okulahlekile = Ukushisa okutholiwe

Ithusi lika-Q = amanzi ka-Q

m ₁ c ₁ ΔT = m ₂ c ₂ ΔT

(m ₁ )(0.1)(100-36) = (128)(1)(36-30)

(m ₁ )(0.1)(64) = (128)(1)(6)

(m ₁ )(6.4) = 768

m ₁ = 768 / 6.4

m ₁ = 120

Isisindo sethusi singamagremu ayi- 120.

4. Ibhulokhi leqhwa le-M-kg ku 0^oC ibekwe ku-340 amagremu amanzi ku- 20^oC ebhodweni. Uma ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa ngamanzi = 80 amakhalori g^-1, ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile 1 cal g^{-1 o}C^-1. Lonke iqhwa liyancibilika kanye nokushisa kwalo ukulingana kokushisa is 5^oC, nquma ubukhulu beqhwa!

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo samanzi (m) = 340 amagremu

Izinga lokushisa leqhwa ( _iqhwa le-T ) = 0 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi ( _amanzi e-T ) = 20 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokulingana kokushisa (T) = 5 ^o C

Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi ( L ) = 80 kcal g ^-1

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c _amanzi ) = 1 cal g ^{-1 o} C ^-1

Okufunwayo: Isisindo seqhwa (M)

Isixazululo:

Ukushisa okulahlekile = Ukushisa okutholiwe

Amanzi e-Q = iqhwa le-Q

m c ( ΔT) = m _es L _es + m c ( Δ T)

(340)(1)(20-5) = M (80) + M (1)(5-0)

(340)(15) = 80M + 5M

5100 = 85M

M = 5100/85

M = amagremu angu-60

[wpdm_package id='714′]

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

4 Ukushisa okucashile Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa Ukushisa kokuhwamuka - Izinkinga Nezixazululo

1. Bala inani lokushisa elifakwe ku-1 gram yegolide ukushintsha isigaba kusuka kokuqinile kuya kokuketshezi. Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa kwegolide kungu-64.5 x 10 ³ J/kg.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 1 gram = 1 x 10 ^-3 kg

Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa (L _F ) = 64.5 x 10 ³ J/kg

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = m L _F

Q = (1 x 10 ^-3 kg)(64.5 x 10 ³ J/kg)

Q = 64.5 Joule

2. Bala inani lokushisa elikhishwa yi-1 gram ye-mercury ukushintsha isigaba kusuka koketshezi kuya kokuqinile. Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa kwe-mercury kungu-11.8 x 10 ³ J/kg.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 1 gram = 1 x 10 ^-3 kg

Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa (L _F ) = 11.8 x 10 ³ J/kg

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = m L _F

Q = (1 x 10 ^-3 kg)(11.8 x 10 ³ J/kg)

Q = 11.8 Joule

3. Thola inani lokushisa elimuncwa amanzi angu-1 kg ukushintsha isigaba kusuka koketshezi kuya komusi (umusi). Ukushisa kokuhwamuka kwamanzi = 2256 x 10 ³ J/kg

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 1 kg

Ukushisa kokuhwamuka (L _V ) = 2256 x 10 ³ J/kg

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = m L _V

Q = (1 kg)( 2256 x 10 ³ J/kg)

Q = 2256 x 10 ³ amaJoules

4. Nquma inani lokushisa elikhishwa yi-nitrogen ukushintsha isigaba kusuka kumusi kuya koketshezi. Ukushisa kokuhwamuka kwe-nitrogen = 200 x 10 ³ J/kg

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 1 gram = 1 x 10 ^-3 kg

Ukushisa kokuhwamuka (L _V ) = 200 x 10 ³ J/kg

Kwaziwa: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = m L _V

Q = (1 x 10 ^-3 kg)( 200 x 10 ³ J/kg)

Q = 200 Joule

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

1. Umzimba onesisindo esingama- 2 kg umunca ama-calories ayi-100 okushisa uma izinga lokushisa lawo likhuphuka lisuka ku -20 ^o C liye ku-70 o ^C. Kuyini ukushisa komzimba okuqondile ?

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 2 kg = 2000 gr

Ukushisa ( Q) = 100 kcal

Ushintsho lokushisa ( ΔT ) = 70 ^o C – 20 ^o C = 50 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa okuthile (c)

Isixazululo:

c = Q / m Δ T

c = 100 cal / (2000 gr)(50 ^o C)

c = 100 cal / 100,000 gr ^o C

c = 10 ² cal / 10 ⁵ gr ^o C

c = (10 ² cal)( 10 ^-5 gr ^{-1 o} C ^-1 )

c = 10 ^-3 amakhalori gr ^{-1 o} C ^-1

c = 10 ^-3 cal/ gr ^o C

Ukushisa komzimba okuqondile kungu ^-10-3 cal /gr ^o C

2. Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile kungu- 4180 J/kg Co. ^Umthamo wokushisa ongakanani wamanzi angu-2 kg …

Kwaziwa:

Ukushisa okuthile (c) = 4180 J/kg C ^o

Isisindo (m) = 2 kg

Okufunekayo: Umthamo wokushisa (C)

Isixazululo:

C = mc

C = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg ^Co )

C = (2)(4180 J/ ^Co )

C = 8360 J/C ^o

3. Ukushisa okukhethekile kwe-aluminiyamu kungu- 900 J/kg Co2 ^. Ungakanani umthamo wokushisa we -aluminiyamu engu-2 gram…..

Kwaziwa:

Ukushisa okukhethekile kwe-aluminium (c) = 900 J/kg Co ⁼ 9 x 10 ² J/kg ^Co

Isisindo (m) = 2 amagremu = 2/1000 kg = 2/10 ³ kg = 2 x 10 ^-3 kg

Okufunekayo: Umthamo wokushisa (C)

Isixazululo:

C = mc

C = (2 x 10 ^-3 kg)( 9 x 10 ² J/kg C ^o )

C = 18 x 10 ^-3 x 10 ² J/C ^o

C = 18 x 10 ^-1 J/C ^o

C = 1.8 J/C ^o

[wpdm_package id='710′]

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

1. 2 kcal ( kilogram c ikhalori e ) = ….. c ikhalori e?

Isixazululo

1 kcal = 1000 kcal

2 kcal = 2 (1000 c calorie e ) = 2000 c calorie e

2. 4 C ikhalori e = ….. c ikhalori e?

Isixazululo

I- Calori engu- 1 ( i-Capital C ) = 1 k cal = 1000 calori e

4 C ikhalori e = 4 (1000 c ikhalori e ) = 4000 c ikhalori e

3. 10 c ikhalori e = ….. Joule?

Isixazululo

Ikhalori eli -1 e = 4.186 Joules

Amakhalori angu- 10 c e = 10 (amaJoules angu-4.186) = amaJoules angu-41.86

4. 5 kcal = ….. AmaJoule?

Isixazululo

1 k cal = 1000 c i -alorie = 4186 Joules

5 kcal = 5 (4186 Joules) = 20930 Joules

5. AmaJowule angu-2000 = ….. k cal?

Isixazululo

AmaJowule angu-4186 = 1 kcal

Ama-Joules angu-8372 = 8372 / 4186 = 2 kcal

Ama-Joules angu-2000 = 2000 / 4186 = 0.4777 kcal

[wpdm_package id='706′]

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

9 Ukushisa Okukhulu Ukushisa Okuqondile Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa - Izinkinga Nezixazululo

1. I-lead engu-2 kg ifudunyezwa kusuka 50^oC kuya ku-100^oC. Isigungu ukushisa okuqondile i-lead 130 J.kg^{-1 o}C^-1. Malini ukushisa imuncwa yi-lead?

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 2 kg

Ukushisa okuthile (c) = 1 3 0 J.kg ^-1 C ^-1

Ushintsho lokushisa ( Δ T) = 100 ^o C – 50 ^o C = 50 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = mc Δ T

Q = ukushisa , m = isisindo, c = ukushisa okuthile , Δ T = ushintsho lokushisa

Ukushisa okumuncwa yi-lead:

Q = (2 kg)(1 3 0 J.kg ^-1 C ^-1 )(50 ^o C)

Q = (100)(1 3 0)

Q = 1 3,000 amaJoules

Q = 1.3 x ¹⁰⁴ Ama-Joules

2. Ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi kungu-390 J/k g ^o C, ushintsho lokushisa lungu- 40 ^o C. Uma ithusi limunca ama-Joules angu-40 okushisa, buyini ubunzima bethusi!

Kwaziwa:

Ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi (c) = 390 J/k g ^o C

Ushintsho lokushisa ( ΔT ) = 40 ^o C

Ukushisa ( Q) = 40 J

Okufunwayo: Isisindo (m) sethusi

Isixazululo:

Q = mc Δ T

40 J = (m)( 390 J/k g ^o C)(40 ^o C)

40 = (m)( 390 /k g)(40)

40 = (m)( 390/kg )(4)

40 = (m)( 1560/kg )

m = 40 / 1560

m = 0.026 kg

m = amagremu angu-26

3. Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lamagremu angu-20 amanzi lingu-30 ^oC . Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile kungu-1 cal g ^{-1 oC -1} . Uma amanzi emunca amakhalori angu-300 okushisa, thola izinga lokushisa lokugcina!

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 20 gr

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 30 ^o C

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuthile (c) = 1 cal gr ^{-1 o} C ^-1

Ukushisa (Q) = 300 cal

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina lamanzi

Isixazululo:

Q = mc ΔT

Ama-calories angu-300 = (20 gr)( 1 ama-calories gr ^{-1 o} C ^-1 )( T ₂ -30 )

300 = (20)(1)( T ₂ -30)

300 = 20 ( T ₂ -30 )

300 = 20 T ₂ – 600

300 + 600 = 20T ₂

900 = 20T ₂

I-T ₂ = 900 / 20

I-T ₂ = 45

Ushintsho lokushisa luyi-45 ^o C – 30 ^o C = 15 ^o C.

4. Tushintsho lokushisa amanzi olwandle is 1^oC lapho amanzi emunca ama-Joules angu-3900 okushisa. Ukushisa okukhethekile kwamanzi olwandle 3.9 × 10³ J/kg°C, Iyini isisindo samanzi olwandle.

Kwaziwa:

Ushintsho lokushisa ( ΔT ) = 1 ^o C

Ukushisa (Q) = 3900 Joule

Ukushisa okuthile kwamanzi olwandle (c) = 3.9 x 10 ³ J/ k g°C = 3900 J/Kg°C

Okufunwayo: Isisindo (m)

Isixazululo:

Q = mc Δ T

Q = ukushisa , m = isisindo, c = ukushisa okuthile , Δ T = ushintsho lokushisa

m = Q / c Δ T = 3900 / (3900)(1) = 3900 / 3900 = 1 kg

5. Ithusi elingama-2 kg limunca ukushisa okungu-39,000 J ku - 30°C. Uma ukushisa okuqondile kwethusi kungu-390 J/kg °C, liyini izinga lokushisa lokugcina lethusi…

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 2 kg

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 30 ^o C

Ukushisa (Q) = 39,000 Joule

Ukushisa okuqondile (c) kwethusi = 390 J/kg ^o C

Okufunwayo : Izinga lokushisa lokugcina ( _T2 )

Isixazululo:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = ukushisa , m = isisindo, c = ukushisa okuthile , ΔT = ushintsho lokushisa

Q = mc ΔT = mc (T ₂ – T ₁ )

39,000 = (2)( 390)(T ₂ - 30)

100 = (2)(1)(T ₂ - 30)

100 = (2)(T ₂ – 30)

50 = T ₂ – 30

I-T ₂ = 50 + 30

I-T ₂ = 80 ^o C

6. Amanzi angu-5 kg ashiswa kusukela ku-15°C kuya ku - 40°C. Kuyini ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi kungu- 4.2 × 10 ³ J/Kg° C.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 5 kg

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 15°C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ = 40°C

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile (c) = 4.2 × 10 ³ J/kg° C

Okufunwayo: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = (5 kg)( 4.2 × 10 ³ J/kg°C)(40°C – 15°C)

Q = (5)( 4.2 × 10 ³ J)(25)

Q = 525 x 10 ³ J

Q = 525,000 Joule

7. Amanzi angu-2 kg ashiswa kusukela ku-24°C kuya ku - 90°C. Kuyini ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi kungu- 4.2 × 10 ³ J/Kg° C.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = 2 kg

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 24°C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ = 90°C

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile (c) = 4,200 Joules/kg°C

Kufunwa :: Ukushisa (Q)

Isixazululo:

Q = m c ΔT

Q = (2 kg)( 4,200 Joules/kg°C)(90°C – 24°C)

Q = (2 kg)( 4,200 Joules/kg°C)(66°C)

Q = (132)( 4,200 amaJoules)

Q = 554,400 Joule

8. Amanzi angamagremu ama-5 ashiswa kusukela ku-10°C kuya ku - 40°C. Kuyini ukushisa okumuncwa ngamanzi. Ukushisa okuqondile kwamanzi kungu-1 × 10 ³ cal /g r ° C.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo (m) = amagremu angu-5

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 10 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ = 40 ^o C

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile (c) = 1 c al/ gr°C

Okufunwayo : Ukushisa

Isixazululo:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = (amagremu ama-5)( 1 cal/ gr°C)(40 ^o C – 10 ^o C)

Q = (5)( 1 c al)(30)

Q = amakhalori angu -150

9. Amanzi angu-0.2 kg amunca ama-Joules angu-42,000 okushisa ku- 25 ^oC . Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile kungu-4200 J/kg ^oC , okuyizinga lokushisa lokugcina lamanzi.

Kwaziwa:

Isisindo samanzi (m) = 0.2 kg

Ukushisa (Q) = 42,000 Joule

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile (c) = 4200 J/kg ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 25 ^o C

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina ( _T2 )

Isixazululo:

Q = mc ΔT = mc (T ₂ – T ₁ )

Q= ukushisa, m = isisindo, c = ukushisa okuqondile, ΔT = ushintsho lokushisa, T₁ = izinga lokushisa lokuqala, T₂ = izinga lokushisa lokugcina

Q = mc (T ₂ – T ₁ )

42,000 = (0.2)(4200)(T ₂ - 25)

42,000 = 840 (T ₂ – 25)

42,000 = 840 T ₂ – 21,000

42,000 + 21,000 = 840 T ₂

63,000 = 840 T ₂

I-T ₂ = 63,000 / 840

I-T ₂ = 75 ^o C

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

Ukwanda okuqondile kutholakala ezintweni eziqinile kuphela; ukwandiswa kwevolumu kutholakala kuzo zonke izinto, kokubili okuqinile, okuwuketshezi, kanye negesi. Isibalo sokwanda kwevolumu sifana nesibalo sokwanda okuqondile.

Incazelo: Vo _o = Ivolumu yokuqala, V = Ivolumu yokugcina, ΔV = V – Vo _o = Ushintsho kuvolumu, To _o = Izinga lokushisa lokuqala, T = Izinga lokushisa lokugcina, ΔT = T – To _o = Ushintsho kumazinga okushisa, β = i-coefficient yokwandiswa kwevolumu. Amayunithi ka-β = ( ^Co ) ^-1

I-equation yokwandisa ivolumu engenhla isebenza kuphela uma izinguquko kuvolumu yezinto (zombili eziqinile, eziwuketshezi, kanye negesi) zincane kunomthamo wokuqala wento. Uma ushintsho kuvolumu yento lukhulu kunomthamo wokuqala wento, i-equation yokwandisa ivolumu ayinikezi imiphumela efanele. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko kuvolumu ezitholwa izinto eziqinile azinkulu kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-coefficient yokwandisa ivolumu yoketshezi kanye negesi inkulu. I-coefficient yokwandisa ivolumu yezinto ezisebenzisa igesi nayo kulula ukuyishintsha uma izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Ngakho-ke ifomula engenhla isetshenziselwa kuphela ukukhulisa izinto eziqinile.

1. Ku-30 ^o C ivolumu yesiyingi se-aluminiyamu ingu-30 cm ^3. I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ingu-24 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1 . Uma ivolumu yokugcina ingu-30.5 cm ³ , lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokugcina lesiyingi se-aluminiyamu?

Kwaziwa:

I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ( α ) = 24 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwevolumu ( β ) = 3 α = 3 x 24 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1 = 72 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 30 ^o C

Umthamo wokuqala (V ₁ ) = 30 cm ³

Umthamo wokugcina (V ₂ ) = 30.5 cm ³

Ushintsho lwevolumu ( Δ V) = 30.5 cm ³ – 30 cm ³ = 0.5 cm ³

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa lokugcina ( _T2 )

Isixazululo:

Δ V = β (V ₁ )( ΔT )

Δ V = β (V ₁ )(T ₂ – T ₁ )

0.5 cm³ = ((72 x 10^{-6 o}C^-1)(30 cm³)(T₂ - 30^oC)

0.5 = (2160 x 10 ^-6 ) (T ₂ – 30 )

0.5 = (2.160 x 10 ^-3 ) (T 2 – 30 )

0.5 = (2.160 x 10 ^-3 ) (T ₂ – 30 )

0.5 / (2.160 x 10 ^-3 ) = T ₂ – 30

0.23 x 10 ³ = T ₂ – 30

0.23 x 1000 = T ₂ – 30

230 = T ₂ – 30

230 + 30 = T ₂

I-T ₂ = 260 ^o C

2. I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwe-metal sphere ingu-9 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1 . Ububanzi bangaphakathi be-metal sphere ku-20 ^o C bungu-2.2 cm. Uma ububanzi bokugcina bungu-2.8 cm, lingakanani izinga lokushisa lokugcina!

Kwaziwa:

I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ( α ) = 9 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwevolumu ( β) = 3 α = 3 x 9 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1 = 27 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 20 ^o C

Ububanzi bokuqala (D ₁ ) = 2.2 cm

Ububanzi bokugcina (D ₂ ) = 2.8 cm

Irediyasi yokuqala (r ₁ ) = D _1/2 = 2.2 cm ^3/2 = 1.1 cm ³

Irediyasi yokugcina (r ₂ ) = D ₂ / 2 = 2.8 cm ³ / 2 = 1.4 cm ³

Umthamo wokuqala (V ₁ ) = 4/3 π r ₁ ³ = (4/3)(3.14)(1.1 cm) ³ = (4/3)(3.14)(1.331 cm ³ ) = 5.57 cm ³

Umqulu wokugcina (V ₂ ) = 4/3 π r ₂ ³ = (4/3)(3.14)(1.4 cm) ³ = (4/3)(3.14)(2.744 cm ³ ) = 11.48 cm ³

Ushintsho lwevolumu ( Δ V) = 11.48 cm ³ – 5.57 cm ³ = 5.91 cm ³

Okufunwayo: Izinga lokushisa _lokugcina ( T2 )

Isixazululo:

Δ V = β (V ₁ )( ΔT )

5.91 cm³ = ((27 x 10^{-6 o}C^-1)(5.57 cm³)(T₂ - 20^oC)

5.91 = (150.39 x 10 ^-6 ) (T ₂ – 20)

5.91 / 150.39 x 10 ^-6 = T ₂ – 20

0.039 x 10 ⁶ = T ₂ – 20

39 x 10 ³ = T ₂ – 20

39,000 = T ₂ – 20

39,000 + 20 = T ₂

I-T ₂ = 39,020 ^o C

3. Ukuphakama okungu-2000-cm³ isitsha se-aluminium, kugcwaliswe ngamanzi ku-0^oC. Bese kushiswa kufike ku-90^oC. Uma i-coefficient yokwandiswa okuqondile kwe-aluminium ingu-24 x 10^-6 (^oC)^-1 futhi i-coefficient yokwandisa ivolumu yamanzi ingu-6.3 x 10^-4 (^oC)^-1, thola umthamo wamanzi achithekile.

Kwaziwa:

Umthamo wokuqala wesitsha se-aluminium namanzi (Vo ₎ = 2000 cm ³ = 2 x 10 ³ cm ³

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lesitsha se-aluminium namanzi (T1 ₎ = 0 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina lesitsha se-aluminium namanzi (T2 ₎ = 90 ^o C

I-coefficient yokwandiswa okuqondile kwe-aluminium (α) = 24 x 10 ^-6 ( ^o C ) ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandisa ivolumu ye-aluminium (γ) = 3α = 3 (24 x 10 ^-6 ( ^o C ) ^-1 ) = 72 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandisa ivolumu yamanzi (γ) = 6.3 x 10 ^-4 ( ^o C ) ^-1

Okufunwayo: Umthamo wamanzi achithekile

Isixazululo:

Isibalo sokwandiswa kwevolumu:

V = Vo _o + γ Vo _o ΔT

V – Vo _o = γ Vo _o ΔT

ΔV = γ Vo _o ΔT

V = ivolumu yokugcina, Vo = ivolumu yokuqala, ΔV = ushintsho kuvolumu, γ = i-coefficient yokwandiswa kwevolumu, ΔT = ushintsho kumazinga _okushisa

Bala ushintsho kuvolumu yesitsha se-aluminium:

ΔV = γ Vo _o ΔT = (72 x 10 ^-6 )(2 x 10 ³ )(90) = 12960 x 10 ^-3 = 12.960 cm ³

Bala ushintsho kumthamo wamanzi:

ΔV = γ Vo _o ΔT = (6. 3 x 10 ^-4 )(2 x 10 ³ )(90) = 1134 x 10 ^-1 = 113.4 cm ³

Ushintsho kumthamo wamanzi lukhulu kunesitsha se-aluminium kangangokuthi amanye amanzi achithekile.

Bala umthamo wamanzi achithekile:

113.4 cm ³ – 12.960 cm ³ = 100.44 cm ³

[wpdm_package id='702′]

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi

1. Ku-20 ^o C, ubude beshidi lensimbi bungama-50 cm kanti ububanzi bungama-30 cm. Uma i-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwensimbi ingu-10 ^{-5 o} C ^-1 , nquma ushintsho endaweni kanye nendawo yokugcina ku-60 ^o C.

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 20 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ = 60 ^o C

Ushintsho lokushisa ( ΔT ) = 60 ^o C – 20 ^o C = 40 ^o C

Indawo yokuqala (A ₁ ) = ubude x ububanzi = 50 cm x 30 cm = 1500 cm ²

I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwensimbi ( α) = 10 ^{-5 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwendawo yensimbi ( β) = 2α = 2 x 10 ^{-5 o} C ^-1

Okufunwayo: Ushintsho endaweni ( ΔA )

Isixazululo:

Ushintsho endaweni ( ΔA ):

ΔA = β A ₁ ΔT

ΔA = ( 2 x 10 ^{-5 o} C ^-1 )(1500 cm ² )(40 ^o C)

ΔA = (80 x 10 ^-5 )(1500 cm ² )

ΔA = 1 20,000 x 10 ^-5 cm ²

ΔA = 1. 2 x 10 ⁵ x 10 ^-5 cm ²

ΔA = 1.2 cm ²

Indawo yokugcina ( A2 ₎ :

A ₂ = A ₁ + ΔA

A ₂ = 1500 cm ² + 1. 2 cm ²

A ₂ = 1501 . 2 cm ²

2. Ku-30 ^o C, indawo yeshidi le-aluminium ingu-40 cm ² kanti i-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ingu-24 x 10 ^-6 / ^o C. Nquma izinga lokushisa lokugcina uma indawo yokugcina ingu-40.2 cm ².

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 30 ^o C

I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ( α) = 24 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwendawo ( β) = 2a = 2 x 24 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1 = 48 x 10 ^{-6 o} C ^-1

Indawo yokuqala (A ₁ ) = 40 cm ²

Indawo yokugcina (A ₂ ) = 40.2 cm ²

Ushintsho endaweni ( ΔA) = 40.2 cm ² – 40 cm ² = 0.2 cm ²

Okufunwayo: Nquma izinga lokushisa lokugcina ( _T2 )

Isixazululo:

Ifomula yoshintsho endaweni ( ΔA) :

ΔA = β A ₁ Δ T

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ :

ΔA = β A ₁ (T ₂ – T ₁ )

0.2 cm² = (48 x 10^{-6 o}C^-1)(40 cm²)(T₂ - 30^oC)

0.2 = (1920 x 10 ^-6 ) (T ₂ – 30 )

0.2 = (1.920 x 10 ^-3 ) (T ₂ – 30)

0.2 = (2 x 10 ^-3 ) (T ₂ – 30)

0.2 / (2 x 10 ^-3 ) = T ₂ – 30

0.1 x 10 ³ = T ₂ – 30

1 x 10 ² = T ₂ – 30

100 = T ₂ – 30

100 + 30 = T ₂

I-T ₂ = 130

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina = 130 ^o C

3. Irediyasi yendandatho ku-20 ^o C ingu-20 cm. Uma irediyasi yokugcina ku-100 ^o C ingu-20.5 cm, nquma i-coefficient yokwandiswa kwendawo kanye ne-coefficient yokwandiswa okuqondile…

Kwaziwa:

Izinga lokushisa lokuqala (T1 ₎ = 30 ^o C

Izinga lokushisa lokugcina (T2 ₎ = 100 ^o C

Ushintsho lokushisa ( ΔT ) = 100 ^o C – 30 ^o C = 70 ^o C

Irediyasi yokuqala (r ₁ ) = 20 cm

Irediyasi yokugcina (r ₂ ) = 20.5 cm

Okufunwayo: I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwendawo ( β )

Isixazululo:

Indawo yokuqala (A ₁ ) = π r ₁ ² = (3.14)(20 cm) ² = (3.14)(400 cm ² ) = 1256 cm ²

Indawo yokugcina (A ₂ ) = π r ₂ ² = (3.14)(20.5 cm) ² = (3.14)(420.25 cm ² ) = 1319.585 cm ²

Ushintsho endaweni ( ΔA) = 1319.585 cm ² – 1256 cm ² = 63.585 cm ²

Ifomula yoshintsho endaweni ( ΔA) :

ΔA = β A ₁ ΔT

I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwendawo:

ΔA = β A ₁ ΔT

63.585 cm ² = b (1 256 cm ² )(70 ^o C)

63.585 = b ( 87,920 ^o C)

β = 63.585 / 87,920 ^o C

β = 0.00072 / ^o C

β = 7.2 x 1 0 ^-4 / ^o C

β = 7.2 x 1 0 ^{-4 o} C ^-1

I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ( α ):

β = 2 α

α = β / 2

α = (7.2 x 1 0 ^-4 ) / 2

α = 3.6 x 1 0 ^{-4 o} C ^-1

[wpdm_package id='698′]

1. Ukuguqula izikali zokushisa
2. Ukunwetshwa komugqa
3. Ukwandiswa kwendawo
4. Ukunwetshwa kwevolumu
5. Heat
6. Okulingana nokushisa okwenziwe ngomshini
7. Ukushisa okukhethekile kanye nomthamo wokushisa
8. Ukushisa okucashile, ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa, ukushisa kokushisa komhwamuko
9. Ukonga amandla okudlulisa ukushisa

Funda kabanzi