1. Into ibekwa ibanga elingamasentimitha ayi-10 ukusuka esibukweni esigobile . Ubude obuqondile bungamasentimitha ama-5. Thola (a) Ibanga lesithombe ( b) ukukhuliswa kwesithombe
Kwaziwa:
Ubude obuqondile (f) = 5 cm
Ibanga lento ( do o ) = 10 cm
Isixazululo :
Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:
Ibanga lesithombe:
1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do o = 1/5 – 1/10 = 2/10 – 1/10 = 1/10
d i = 10/1 = 10 cm
Ibanga lesithombe lingu- 10 cm.
Ukukhulisa:
m = – di i / do o = -10/10 = -1
1 isho ukuthi isithombe sifana nento.
Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe. Uma uphawu luhle, isithombe siqondile.
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2. Into engamasentimitha angu-5 ukuphakama ibekwa phambi kwesibuko esigobile esinobubanzi obugobile obungamasentimitha angu-20. Nquma ukuphakama kwesithombe uma ibanga lento lingu- 5 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm.
Kwaziwa:
Irediyasi yokugoba ( r ) = 20 cm
Ubude obuqondile (f) = R/2 = 20/2 = 10 cm
Ukuphakama kwento (h o ) = 5 cm
Isixazululo:
a) ubude obuqondile (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do o ) = 5 cm
Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:
Ibanga lesithombe ( di i ):
1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do o = 1/10 – 1/5 = 1/10 – 2/10 = -1/10
d i = -10/1 = -10 cm
Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):
m = – di i / do o = -(-10)/5 = 10/5 = 2
Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile.
Ukuphakama kwesithombe ( h i ):
m = h i / h o
h i = h o m = (5 cm)(2) = 10 cm
Ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-10 cm.
b) Ubude be-focal (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do o ) = 15 cm
Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:
Ibanga lesithombe ( di i ):
1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do o = 1/10 – 1/15 = 3/30 – 2/30 = 1/30
d i = 30/1 = 30 cm
Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe singaphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-30, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):
m = – di i / do o = -30/15 = -2
Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.
Isithombe sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunento.
Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h i ):
m = h i / h o
h i = h o m = (5 cm)(2) = 10 cm
Ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-10 cm.
c) Ubude be-focal (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do o ) = 20 cm
Ukwakheka kwesithombe ngesibuko esigobile:
Ibanga lesithombe (di i ):
1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do o = 1/10 – 1/20 = 2/20 – 1/20 = 1/20
d i = 20/1 = 20 cm
Isibonakaliso esihle sibonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe siphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angama-20, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m ):
m = – di i / do o = -20/20 = -1
Uphawu olunegethivu lusho ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.
Ukuphakama kwesithombe ( hi ):
m = h i / h o
h i = h m = (5 cm)(1) = 5 cm
d) Ubude obuqondile (f) = 10 cm kanye nebanga lento ( do o ) = 30 cm
Ibanga lesithombe ( di i ):
1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do o = 1/10 – 1/30 = 3/30 – 1/30 = 2/30
d i = 30/2 = 15 cm
Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo noma isithombe siphambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-15, ohlangothini olufanayo nento.
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe ( m) :
m = – di i / do o = -15/30 = -0.5
Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphendukezelwe.
Isithombe sincane ngo-0.5 kunento.
Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h i ):
m = h i / h o
h i = h o m = (5 cm)(0.5) = 2.5 cm
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3. Isithombe esidalwe yisibuko esigobile sikhulu ngokuphindwe kane kunento. Uma i-radius yokugoba ingu-20 cm, nquma ibanga lento ephambi kwesibuko!
Kwaziwa:
Ukukhulisa isithombe ( m ) = 4
Irediyasi yokugoba ( r ) = 20 cm
Ubude obuqondile (f) = r /2 = 20/2 = 10 cm
Okufunwayo : Ibanga lento ( do o )
Isixazululo:
m = – di i / do o
4 = – di i / do o
– d i = 4 do o
d i = – 4 do o
1/f = 1/ do o + 1/ di i
1/10 = 1/ do o + 1/4 do o
4/40 = 4/4 do o + 1/4 do o
4/40 = 5/4 do o
(4)(4s) = (5)(40)
16 do = 200
do o = 12.5 cm
Ibanga lento = 12.5 cm.
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4. Into ephakeme engu-1 cm ibekwa ku-10 cm ukusuka esibukweni esigobile esinobude obuqondile, f = 15 cm. Thola:
A. Ibanga lesithombe?
B. Ukuphakama kwesithombe?
C. Izakhiwo zesithombe ezakhiwe yisibuko esigobile?
Kwaziwa:
Ukuphakama kwento (h) = 1 cm
Ibanga lento (do o ) = 10 cm
Ubude obugxile besibuko esigobile (f) = 15 cm
Isixazululo:
A. Ibanga lesithombe (d i )
1/f = 1/do + 1/d i
1/di i = 1/f – 1/do o = 1/15 – 1/10 = 2/30 – 3/30 = -1/30
d i = -30/1 = -30 cm
Uphawu olunegethivu lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi noma isithombe singemuva kwesibuko.
B. Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h i )
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe (M):
M = -d i /d o = h i /h o
M = -(-30)/10 = 30/10 = izikhathi ezi-3
Ukuphakama kwesithombe (h i ):
M = h i / h o
3 = h i / 1 cm
h i = 3 (1 cm)
h i = 3 cm
ukuphakama kwesithombe kungu-3 cm. Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siphezulu.
C. Izakhiwo zesithombe:
Okubonakalayo, phezulu, okukhulu kunento
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5. Ukukhulisa isithombe, ngokusho kwesithombe esingezansi.
Kwaziwa:
Ibanga lento (do o ) = 60 cm
Ubude obuqondile (f) = 20 cm
Okufunwayo: Ukukhulisa isithombe (M)
Isixazululo:
Ibanga lesithombe:
1/f = 1/do + 1/d i
1/usuku i = 1/f – 1/usuku o = 1/20 cm – 1/60 cm = 3/60 cm – 1/60 cm = 2/60 cm
d i = 60/2 cm = 30 cm
Ukwandiswa kwesithombe (M):
M = di i / do o = 30 cm / 60 cm = 1/2 izikhathi
6. Uma into ibekwe ngamasentimitha angu-6 ukusuka esibukweni esigobile, ibanga lesithombe lingu-12 cm njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Liyini ibanga lesithombe uma into isuswa endaweni yokuqala ngamasentimitha angu-1 ukusuka esibukweni.
Kwaziwa:
Ibanga lento (do o ) = 6 cm
Ibanga lesithombe (d i ) = 12 cm
Okufunwayo: uma ibanga lento (do o ) = 7 cm khona-ke ibanga lesithombe lingu …
Isixazululo:
1/f = 1/do + 1/di = 1/6 + 1/12 = 2/12 + 1/12 = 3/12
f = 12/3 = 4 cm
Ubude be-focal buyakha, okusho ukuthi i-focal point ingokoqobo noma imisebe idlula ephuzwini.
Ibanga lesithombe:
1/di i = 1/f – 1/d o = 1/4 – 1/7 = 7/28 – 4/28 = 3/28
d i = 28/3 = 9.3 cm
7. Udokotela wamazinyo ubheka futhi ahlole amazinyo esiguli esebenzisa isibuko esinobubanzi obungu-8 cm. Ukuze umgodi ubonakale kahle ngudokotela, ibanga elingakanani phakathi kwamazinyo esiguli nesibuko?
A. ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile
B. ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esijiyile
C. ngaphezu kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile
D. ngaphezu kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esijiyile
Kwaziwa:
Irediyasi yesibuko (r) = 8 cm
Ubude obuqondile besibuko (f) = r / 2 = 8 / 2 = 4 cm
Okufunwayo: Ibanga eliphakathi kwamazinyo esiguli nesibuko
Isixazululo:
Isibuko esisetshenziswayo siyisibuko esigobile noma isibuko esigobile? Ukuze imbobo yezinyo ibonakale kahle ngudokotela, isibuko esisetshenziswayo kufanele sikwazi ukukhulisa isithombe sezinyo futhi isithombe kumele sime. Izibuko ezigobile zihlala zikhiqiza izithombe eziguquliwe futhi usayizi wesithombe mncane kunosayizi wento. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isibuko esigobile singakhiqiza isithombe esime uma ibanga lento (d) lincane kunobude obuqondile (f). Uma ibanga lento likhulu kunobude obuqondile (f) khona-ke isibuko esigobile sikhiqiza isithombe esiguquliwe.
Ubude be-focal (f) besibuko esigobile bungu-4 cm, ngakho-ke amazinyo esiguli kufanele abe ngaphansi kuka-4 cm phambi kwesibuko esigobile.
Impendulo eyiyo ngu-A.
8. Isibuko esigobile sinobubanzi obugobile obungu-24 cm. Uma into ibekwe phambi kwesibuko ngamasentimitha angu-20, nquma izakhiwo zesithombe.
A. Okungokoqobo, okuqondile futhi okukhulisiwe
B. Okungokoqobo, okuguquliwe futhi okukhulisiwe
C. Okubonakalayo, okuqondile futhi okukhulisiwe
D. Okubonakalayo, okuguquliwe futhi okuncane
Kwaziwa:
Irediyasi yokugoba (r) = 24 cm
Ubude be-focal (f) = R/2 = 24/2 = +12 cm
Ubude be-focal yesibuko esigobile bubuhle noma bungokoqobo ngoba ukukhanya kudlula endaweni e-focal yesibuko.
Ibanga lento (d) = 20 cm
Okufunwayo: Izakhiwo zesithombe
Isixazululo:
Isithombe singokoqobo noma singokoqobo? Bala ibanga lesithombe:
1/d + 1/d' = 1/f
1/d' = 1/f – 1/d
1/d' = 1/12 – 1/20
1/d' = 5/60 – 3/60
1/d' = 2/60
d' = 60/2
d' = 30 cm
Ibanga lesithombe elisayinwe libonisa ukuthi isithombe singokoqobo ngoba sidlula ekukhanyeni.
Isithombe sikhulisiwe? Siqondile noma siguquliwe? Okokuqala bala ukukhuliswa kwesithombe (M):
M = -d' / d = -30/20 = -1.5
I-M > 1 isho ukuthi isithombe sikhulisiwe, i-M inophawu olunegative isho isithombe esiguquliwe. Ngakho-ke izakhiwo zesithombe zingokoqobo, ziguquliwe, zikhulisiwe.
Impendulo efanele ngu-B.
9. Isibuko esiyindilinga sikhiqiza isithombe esinosayizi omkhulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunento esesikrinini, esingamamitha ama-5 ukusuka entweni. Isibuko…..
I-A. concave enobude obuqondile obungu-25/24 m
B. convex enobude obugxile obungu-25/24 m
C. igobile enobude obuqondile obungu-24/25 m
D. convex enobude obugxile obungu-24/25 m
Kwaziwa:
Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = izikhathi ezi-5
Ibanga phakathi kwento nesithombe = amamitha angu-5
Isixazululo:
Usayizi wesithombe esikhiqizwe yisibuko esijiyile uhlala uncane kunosayizi wento, ngakho-ke, isibuko siyisibuko esijiyile.
Ibanga lento (d) = x
Ibanga lesithombe (d') = x + 5
Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = izikhathi ezi-5
Ifomula yokukhulisa isithombe:
Ifomula yobude obuqondile (f):
Impendulo eyiyo ngu-A.
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