Tsanangudzo yeLogic Maererano naAristotle
Pfungwa, senzira yakarongeka yekufunga, yave iri musimboti wehurukuro dzefilosofi kwezviuru zvemakore. Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha mukukura kwekufunga zvine musoro ndiAristotle, ane basa rekutanga rakaisa hwaro hwedzidziso zhinji dzeWestern logic. Kuti tinzwisise tsananguro nepfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana maererano naAristotle, zvakakosha kuti tinyatsoongorora zvinyorwa zvake, kunyanya "Organon," iyo inosanganisira dzidziso dzake nemisimboti maererano nekufunga zvine musoro.
Pfupiso yeMipiro yaAristotle
Aristotle (384-322 BC) aive muzivi wechiGiriki ane mipiro yakakura yakafukidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira metaphysics, tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye, zvakakosha, pfungwa. Aiwanzorumbidzwa sa "Baba veNjodzi," Aristotle akaronga uye akaisa misimboti yekufunga yaitsigira kuferefeta kwakawanda kweuzivi kwakazotevera. Basa rake rakapa hurongwa hwakashandiswa nevazivi, masayendisiti, uye nyanzvi dzemasvomhu mumazana emakore.
Kuongorora pfungwa kwaAristotle kunonyanya kutorwa mumabhuku matanhatu ane "Organon" (chiGiriki chinoreva "chiridzwa" kana "chishandiso"). Mabasa aya ndeaya:
1. "Mapoka"
2. "Pamusoro peKududzira"
3. "Kuongorora Kwekare"
4. "Kuongorora Kwemashure"
5. "Misoro"
6. "Kuramba Kwechokwadi"
Pamwe chete, magwaro aya anotsanangura dzidziso yaAristotle yekufunga, inobata nehurongwa hwenharo, kupatsanurwa kwezvirevo, hunhu hwekufunga kwesyllogistic, uye misimboti yekuferefeta kwesainzi.
Tsanangudzo uye Chinangwa cheLogic
Kuna Aristotle, pfungwa (logic) chishandiso (saka zita rekuti "Organon") chekuwana ruzivo nekunzwisisa misimboti inodzora kufunga kwakanaka. Anoona pfungwa kwete sesainzi yekuongorora asi senzira yekuongorora nharo uye kuona chokwadi kubva kunhema. Mupfungwa iyi, pfungwa (logic) chishandiso nesainzi—organon yemamwe masainzi—inobatsira kufunga kwakarurama uye kudzivirira zvikanganiso mukufunga.
Mapoka uye Pfungwa dzeZviratidzo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa naAristotle idzidziso yake yezvikamu, yaanotsanangura muchinyorwa chinoti "Zvikamu." Zvikamu izvi zvinomiririra mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirevo zvinogona kuverengerwa kune chimwe chinhu, zvichiumba hwaro hwedzidziso yake ye ontology ne logic. Aristotle anoona mapoka gumi:
1. Chinhu (semuenzaniso, munhu, bhiza)
2. Huwandu (semuenzaniso, hurefu hwemamita mashanu)
3. Hunhu (semuenzaniso, chichena, girama)
4. Hukama (semuenzaniso, kaviri, hafu, hukuru)
5. Nzvimbo (semuenzaniso, pamusika)
6. Nguva (semuenzaniso, nezuro, gore rapfuura)
7. Chimiro (semuenzaniso, kurara, kugara)
8. Mamiriro (semuenzaniso, shangu/isina shangu)
9. Chiito (semuenzaniso, kucheka, kupisa)
10. Rudo (semuenzaniso, kuchekwa, kupiswa)
Mapoka aya anobatsira kutsanangura nekuronga mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinoreva, vachiratidza nzira huru idzo zvinhu zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekunzwisiswa nadzo.
Zvikumbiro uye Syllogisms
Chinyorwa chaAristotle chinonzi “On Interpretation” chinotsanangura zvakadzama nezvepfungwa, idzo dziri zvirevo zvinotsanangura zvinhu zvine chekuita nenyika uye zvinogona kuva zvechokwadi kana kuti zvenhema. Anotsanangura chimiro chemitsara iri nyore uye hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu nezvirevo.
Kuvakira pane izvi, "Prior Analytics" inosuma pfungwa yesyllogism, rudzi rwekufunga kwakanangana. Syllogism ine zvirevo zviviri nemhedziso, uye inoshanda sechivako chepfungwa dzaAristotelian. Aristotle anoratidza kuti kana zvirevo zviri zvechokwadi uye chimiro chesyllogstic chiri chechokwadi, mhedziso inofanira kuteverwa.
Muenzaniso wekare we syllogism ndewekuti:
1. Vanhu vese vanofa. (Zvinhu zvikuru)
2. Socrates murume. (Zvinhu zvidiki)
3. Saka, Socrates munhu wenyama. (Mhedziso)
Aristotle anotsanangura marudzi akasiyana-siyana emazwi ekufananidzira (nzira dzekufunga), imwe neimwe ine mitemo chaiyo ine chekuita nekuiswa uye hukama hwemashoko mukati mepfungwa.
Kuongororwa kwePosterior uye Ruzivo rweSainzi
Mu "Posterior Analytics," Aristotle anoongorora nzira yekuferefeta kwesainzi. Anosiyanisa marudzi akasiyana eruzivo, achisimbisa kukosha kweruzivo rwekuratidza, rwunobva pamisimboti inodiwa uye yepasi rose. Sekureva kwaAristotle, ruzivo rwesainzi (epistem) runowanikwa kuburikidza nekuratidza (apodeixis), rudzi rwehumbowo hune musoro hunobva pamisimboti yekutanga inozviratidza kuti iwane mhedziso pamusoro penyika yechisikigo.
Kukurukurirana kweDialectical uye Misoro
"Misoro" inotaura nezvepfungwa dzekukurukurirana, idzo dzakanangana nekukurukurirana nekukurukurirana kwete humbowo hwakakwana. Aristotle anopa nzira yekuvaka nekuparadza nharo dzakavakirwa papfungwa dzinogoneka, dzakasiyana nedzimwe pfungwa dzinodiwa mukuratidza kwesainzi. Dialectic, kuna Aristotle, inzira yekuwana pfungwa dzevamwe uye kuyedza simba nekubatana kwemaonero akasiyana-siyana.
Kuramba Kwakajeka
Mubhuku rinonzi "Sophistical Refutations," Aristotle anoongorora manyepo—nharo dzisina kururama dzinoita sedzine musoro asi dzisiri dzechokwadi. Anoronga mhando dzakasiyana dzemanyepo, ese ari maviri epamutemo (ane chekuita nechimiro chepfungwa) uye asina kurongeka (ane chekuita nezviri mukati), achipa matekiniki ekuziva nekuramba. Basa iri rakakosha pakudzidza manyepo, sezvo richipa maturusi ekufunga zvakadzama uye kudzivirira kufunga kusina kururama.
mhedziso
Tsanangudzo yaAristotle yepfungwa yakadarika mazana emakore, ichipa hwaro hwakavakirwa pfungwa dzemazuva ano. Kuronga kwake zvine hungwaru zvimiro, kusimudzira kufunga kwesyllogistic, uye kusiyanisa pakati pemhando dzeruzivo zvinoumba hwaro hwakazara hwekunzwisisa misimboti yepfungwa. Pfungwa, kuna Aristotle, haisi kungodzidzira dzidziso chete asi chishandiso chinoshanda chekutungamira kufunga uye kuwana ruzivo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubvunza.
Nekusimbisa nheyo dzekufunga kwakanaka, Aristotle akapa vanhu chishandiso chinokosha chinoramba chichipa ruzivo nekuumba zvinangwa zvepfungwa, achisimbisa nhaka yake semunhu anokosha munhoroondo yekufunga kwepfungwa.
