Dzidziso yeUtilitarianism yeMufaro: Kuongorora kweUzivi
Utilitarianism idzidziso yepfungwa inoenderana nemafungiro evanhu vakaita saJeremy Bentham naJohn Stuart Mill. Pachinyanya kukosha, utilitarianism inoti hunhu hwechiito hunoenderana nemhedzisiro yacho, kunyanya nezvemufaro kana kugara zvakanaka kwahunounza. Dzidziso yemufaro mukati meutilitarianism inoti zviito zvakanakisisa ndezviya zvinowedzera mufaro uye kuderedza marwadzo, zvichivavarira zvakanaka kune vakawanda. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora misimboti mikuru yeutilitarianism, chinoongorora pfungwa dzayo dzemufaro, uye chinoongorora zvazvinoreva uye kushoropodza.
Nheyo huru dzeUtilitarianism
Utilitarianism inobva papfungwa yekuti kukosha kwechiito kunotongwa nemigumisiro yacho. Jeremy Bentham, mumwe wevanhu vakatanga kufunga nezveutilitarian, akataura izvi kuburikidza nepfungwa yekuti chinhu chinoshanda, kana kuti musimboti wemufaro mukuru. Sekureva kwaBentham, zviito zvakanaka zvichienderana nekuti zvinosimudzira mufaro nezvakaipa sei kana zvichigadzira zvinopesana nemufaro, kureva kurwadziwa. Maitiro aBentham ekuwana mufaro aive emufaro, achiona mufaro nekurwadziwa semipiro mikuru kune ruzivo rwevanhu uye nokudaro zvinosarudza zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvetsika.
John Stuart Mill, achiwedzera pfungwa dzaBentham, akaunza kunzwisisa kwakanyatsojeka kwekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvemuviri. Mill akaziva kuoma kwemafaro evanhu uye akasiyanisa pakati pemafaro epamusoro (epfungwa netsika) neepasi (emuviri). Akataura kuti mafaro epamusoro akakwirira kupfuura akaderera, achitsigira kuongororwa kwemhando yemufaro kwete kungova nehuwandu chete. Mill akataura shanduro yake yepfungwa huru yemufaro nekutaura kuti zviito zvakarurama kusvika pazvinosimudzira mufaro nezvakaipa kana zvichiunza zvakapesana nemufaro, nokudaro zvichinatsa nzira yekushandiswa kwezvishandiso.
Pfungwa yeMufaro Inobatsira
Mukushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, mufaro unoenzaniswa nekufara uye kusavapo kwemarwadzo. Zvisinei, iyi equation iri nyore inowedzerwa kuti isanganisire kupfuma kweruzivo rwevanhu. Bentham's quantitative hedonism inoongorora mafaro zvichibva pakusimba kwawo, nguva, chokwadi, hukama, nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana, ichivavarira kuverenga 'kushandiswa' kwezviito zvakasiyana kuburikidza nekuverenga mufaro.
Kufara kwemhando yepamusoro kwaMill kunotarisa kushoropodzwa kwedzidziso yaBentham nekuziva kuti mafaro ese haana kukosha kwakaenzana. Sekureva kwaMill, mafaro epfungwa netsika anobatsira zvikuru mumufaro wevanhu kupfuura mafaro emuviri chete. Semuenzaniso, mufaro unobva mukuverenga bhuku rakadzama kana kuita mabasa emagariro ane chinangwa unoonekwa sewakakwirira kupfuura mafaro echinguvana echikafu kana varaidzo. Mill akataura nemukurumbira kuti, "Zviri nani kuva munhu asingagutsikane pane kugutsikana nenguruve; zviri nani kuva Socrates asingagutsikane pane kugutsikana nebenzi." Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvine hunhu zvinokosha pakuongorora mufaro, zvichisimbisa kuongororwa kwepamusoro-soro kuti kutungamirire kuita sarudzo dzetsika.
Migumisiro yeDzidziso yeUtilitarianism yeMufaro
Hurongwa hwekushandisa hune zvahunoreva zvikuru pakuongorora tsika dzakanaka uye mutemo weveruzhinji. Nekukurudzira kuti mufaro wese uwedzere, kushandisa hunhu hwekushandisa hunokanganisa mativi akasiyana-siyana etsika dzemagariro evanhu nedzemunhu:
1. Kusarudza Zvisarudzo Netsika: Mitemo yekushandisa inotungamirira vanhu kuti vafunge nezvemhedzisiro yakakura yezviito zvavo. Munhu angasangana nedambudziko retsika, senge kutaura chokwadi chinorwadza kana nhema dzinonyaradza. Kushandisa nzira yekushandisa nzira imwe chete kunopa mufaro mukuru kune avo vanobatanidzwa.
2. Mutemo weVeruzhinji: Utilitarianism inokanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro emutemo nekugadzira marongero. Hurumende nemasangano vanowanzo tora marongero mushure mekuongorora kugona kwavo kusimudzira kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose. Semuenzaniso, utilitarianism inotsigira zvirongwa zvehutano hweveruzhinji, shanduko dzedzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvekubatsira veruzhinji, nechinangwa chekuderedza kutambura nekusimudzira mufaro weveruzhinji.
3. Kururamisira neKodzero: Kunyangwe hazvo hunhu hwekushandisa huchikoshesa mufaro wevanhu vose, hwakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kodzero dzevanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanoti hunhu hwekushandisa hunogona kururamisa kuzvipira kune vashoma kuti zvinakire vanhu vakawanda. Vachitaura nezveizvi, vamwe vatsigiri, kusanganisira Mill, vakaedza kuyananisa misimboti yehunhu hwekushandisa nehutongi hweruramisiro hunodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko.
4. Kodzero dzeMhuka: Kuchinjika kweUtilitarianism kunobvumira kubatanidzwa kwemhuka dzisiri vanhu mukufunga nezvetsika. Nekuziva kuti mhuka dzinogona kunzwa mufaro nekurwadziwa, tsika dzeutilitarian dzinotsigira kubata mhuka nenzira dzinoderedza kutambura uye kusimudzira hutano hwadzo.
Kutsoropodza Nezvinetso
Pasinei nekupa kwayo simba, dzidziso ye "utilitarianism" yemufaro inotarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru nematambudziko:
1. Kuyera Mufaro: Vatsoropodzi vanoti mufaro chiitiko chinobva pane zvauri uye chinonetsa kuyera. Kuyera mufaro kwakataurwa naBentham hakuna kushanda kwakakodzera, sezvo kuyera nekuenzanisa zviitiko zvemunhu mumwe nemumwe zvekufara nekurwadziwa zvichikonzera matambudziko makuru.
2. Kugoverwa Kwemufaro: Utilitarianism inosimbisa mufaro wose asi inogona kuregeredza kugoverwa kwemufaro pakati pevanhu. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera mamiriro ezvinhu apo kutambura kwevashoma kunoruramiswa nekuda kwemufaro mukuru wevazhinji, zvichikonzera kunetseka pamusoro peruramisiro neruramisiro.
3. Mafaro Akakwirira Neakaderera: Musiyano waMill pakati pemafaro akakwirira neakaderera, ukuwo achitarisa kune dzimwe tsumo, unounza maonero emunhu pamusoro pekukosha kwemafaro akasiyana. Vatsoropodzi vanoti zvingave zvakaoma kurongedza zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu.
4. Kufanotaura Migumisiro: Utilitarianism inoda kufanotaura mhedzisiro yezviito, izvo zvinowanzozara nekusava nechokwadi. Zvinogona kuoma kufanoona mhedzisiro yese yechiito chimwe uye kuongorora zvazvinoreva pamufaro nemazvo.
5. Kuvimbika Kwetsika: Vatsoropodzi vanoti chitendero cheutilityism chinogona kumanikidza vanhu kuti vaite zvinopesana nepfungwa dzavo dzetsika kana kuvimbika kwavo. Semuenzaniso, nzira yakasimba yeutilityism inogona kuda hunyengeri kana kutoita zvakaipa kana zviito zvakadaro zvikaita kuti pave nemufaro mukuru, zvichikonzera kusawirirana kwetsika.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yeUtilitarianism yemufaro inopa hurongwa hunokwezva uye hune simba hwekunzwisisa tsika zvichibva pamigumisiro yezviito. Nekusimbisa kuwedzera kwemufaro uye kuderedza marwadzo, inopa lenzi ine simba yekuongorora sarudzo dzetsika nemaitiro everuzhinji. Mipiro yaBentham naMill yakapfumisa tsika iyi yefilosofi, ichiratidza kuomarara uye kudzika kwemufaro wevanhu.
Zvisinei, utilitarianism inosanganawo nekutsoropodzwa kukuru, kubva padambudziko rekuenzanisa mufaro kusvika pakufunga nezveruramisiro nekodzero dzemunhu. Inoramba ichikonzera gakava guru repfungwa, ichikurudzira kufungisisa kuripo pamusoro pehunhu hwemufaro, tsika, uye nzira dzatinotsvagira nadzo zvakanaka kune vakawanda.
