Kuongororwa kwaEdmund Husserl kweFenomenological: Kunyura Kwakadzika Munyika Yehupenyu
Edmund Husserl, anowanzoonekwa sababa vezviitiko zvepfungwa, akapesvedzera zvikuru uzivi hwemazuva ano, psychology, uye sainzi yevanhu kuburikidza nenzira yake yakasimba yekunzwisisa kukosha kweruzivo. Basa rake rinoongorora maumbirwo epfungwa, richivavarira kufumura zvinhu zvekutanga zvekuti tinoona sei uye tinogara sei munyika. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekutsanangura ongororo yaHusserl yezviitiko, ichibata hunhu hwayo, nzira dzayo, uye mhedzisiro yeuzivi.
Nheyo dzeFenomenology
Fenomenology, pahwaro hwayo, kudzidza nezvemaumbirwo epfungwa sezvaanowanikwa kubva pamaonero emunhu wekutanga. Husserl akatanga nekuda kwekuda kugadzira sainzi yepfungwa yakaoma, isina zvaifungidzirwa uye yakavakirwa pauchapupu husinganzwisisike. Achifurirwa nemabasa ekare evazivi vakaita saFranz Brentano, Husserl akaedza kuita kuti uzivi hutsanangurwe senzira yekutsanangura, uko zviitiko zvinoongororwa sezvazvinoonekwa mupfungwa.
Husserl akatanga izwi rekuti "phenomenology" mubasa rake rekutanga, "Logical Investigations" (1900-1901), kwaakatsoropodza pfungwa dzepfungwa—pfungwa yekuti nheyo dzepfungwa dzinobva mumitemo yepfungwa. Akatsigira musiyano wakajeka pakati pechiito chepfungwa nezviri mukati mepfungwa, achigadzira hwaro hwenzira yake yezviitiko.
Nguva Yenguva uye Kuderedza
Chinhu chikuru muHusserl's phenomenology ipfungwa ye "nguva" kana kuti kuderedzwa kwezviitiko. Nzira iyi inoda kumiswa kwekutonga pamusoro penyika yechisikigo kuti tiongorore zviitiko zvakachena zvechiitiko. Ne "kuisa parutivi" kana kuisa parutivi zvitendero zvedu zvatakagara tichifunga uye mafungiro edu echisikigo, munhu anogona kutarisa pane chinangwa chekuziva—kuti chinozvitungamira sei kuzvinhu.
Kuderedzwa kwezviitiko kunobvumira munhu kuwana "nyika yehupenyu" (Lebenswelt), nzvimbo yeruzivo rwekare. Kuna Husserl, nyika yehupenyu ndiyo nheyo yezvainoreva zvese uye mabasa esainzi. Ndiyo nyika yakamboonekwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, isati yasvika pfungwa kana kuti zvirevo zvesainzi. Kuburikidza nekuderedza, zviitiko zvine chinangwa chekuwana iyi hwaro hweruzivo pasina kukanganisa kwakaunzwa nedzidziso.
Kufunga uye Noema
Chinhu chikuru mukuongorora kwaHusserl ipfungwa yekuva nechinangwa, yakagara nhaka kubva kuna Brentano, iyo inoti kuziva nguva dzose kunoreva chimwe chinhu; kunonangidzirwa kuchinhu. Kuva nechinangwa kunoratidza kuti ruzivo harusi kugamuchira zvinhu zvinokurudzira asi maitiro anoshanda apo kuziva kunosvika kune zvinhu zvakwo.
Muchimiro chaHusserl, chiitiko chega chega chine chinangwa chine noesis (chiito chekuziva) uye noema (chinhu sezvachinoda). Maumbirwo maviri aya anoratidza hukama huripo pakati pezviito zvemunhu nezvinangwa zvavo. Noema haina kufanana nechinhu chaicho asi inomiririra chinhu sezvachinoda kana kuti chakagadzirirwa mukuziva. Saka, kuongorora kwezviitiko kunosanganisira kutsanangura maumbirwo aya ane chinangwa kuti aratidze kukosha kwezviitiko.
Ruzivo Rwakakosha Kubva Mukuongorora Kwezviitiko
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa naHusserl kuburikidza nekuongorora kwezviitiko ipfungwa ye "zvinhu" (eide). Kuburikidza nenzira inonzi "eidetic reduction," Husserl akatsvaga kuziva maumbirwo epasi rose kana zvinhu zviri pasi pezviitiko zvakasiyana. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kusiyanisa zvinhu zvechiitiko kuti aone hunhu husingachinji, nokudaro achiratidza maumbirwo acho akakosha.
Semuenzaniso, funga nezvechiitiko chekuona muti. Nekusiyanisa zvinhu (semuenzaniso, mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti, mamiriro ekuona), ongororo yezviitiko inotsvaga kufumura zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoumba chiitiko che "tree-ness." Kufambira mberi uku kune nzwisiso ye eidetic kunoratidza kuzvipira kwaHusserl pakuwana maumbirwo ekutanga epfungwa anoshanda pasi rose.
Imwe pfungwa inokosha ipfungwa ye "horizon." Chiitiko chega chega chine mamiriro ekunze, kana horizon, iyo inokomberedza uye inopa zvinoreva chinhu chiri kutarisisa. Horizon inosanganisira mikana yezviitiko zvinotevera uye fungidziro dzisina kuongororwa. Nekuongorora horizon, phenomenology inofumura maumbirwo asina kujeka anogadzira kunzwisisa kwedu nyika.
Mhedzisiro paMatunhu Akasiyana-siyana
Husserl's phenomenology ine zvayakanakira zvakawanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Mupfungwa, yakakurudzira kukura kwenzira dzekuvapo uye dzehunhu, ichisimbisa mativi ehupenyu hwevanhu. Vanhu vakaita saKarl Jaspers, Erwin Straus, naMaurice Merleau-Ponty vakawedzera pfungwa idzi, vachitarisa pahunhu hwehupenyu hwevanhu.
Mukudzidza nezvemagariro evanhu, Alfred Schutz anotsanangura nezvemagariro evanhu nenzira ye phenomenological sociology achiongorora kuti chokwadi chemagariro evanhu chinoumbwa sei kuburikidza nepfungwa dzakafanana uye kutaurirana. Schutz akashandisa pfungwa dzaHusserl kuti anzwisise nyika yepakati pezvinhu, achisimbisa kuti vanhu vanobatana sei nenyika yemagariro evanhu kuburikidza nezviratidzo uye ruzivo rwakakura.
Muhuzivi, simba raHusserl rinonyanya kuoneka mutsika dzechivanhu nedzechiheneutiki. Martin Heidegger, mudzidzi waHusserl, akawedzera ruzivo rwechivanhu kuti rusanganisire zvinonetsa nezvechivanhu, achiongorora pfungwa dzekuvapo, nguva, uye chokwadi. Jean-Paul Sartre naMaurice Merleau-Ponty vakabatanidza ruzivo rwechivanhu neruzivo rwechivanhu, vachisimbisa rusununguko, muenzaniso, uye chiyero chepfungwa chisati chaonekwa.
Matambudziko uye Kutsoropodza
Pasinei nepesvedzero yayo yakakura, Husserl's phenomenology inotarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakawanda. Vatsoropodzi vanoti kudzikiswa kwe phenomenological kwakaoma, kana kuti hazvigoneke, kuzadzisa zvizere, sezvo kumisa zvese zvinofungidzirwa ibasa rakaoma. Pamusoro pezvo, kumwe kuongorora maitiro asina kujeka uye epfungwa dzakanaka mubasa raHusserl rakazotevera, kunoratidza kusabatana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enhoroondo nemagariro evanhu.
Mhinduro yaHusserl kuongororo dzakadaro yakashanduka, kunyanya mubasa rake rakazotevera, "The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology" (1936). Pano, akaona kukosha kwekutaura nezvenhoroondo uye tsika dzehupenyu hwenyika. Kutendeukira uku kune kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezviitiko kwakabata ongororo dzakasiyana-siyana ukuwo kuchivhura nzira itsva dzekutsvaga.
mhedziso
Kuongorora kwaEdmund Husserl kwezviitiko zvinopa nzira yakadzama yekuongorora maumbirwo epfungwa nenyika yehupenyu. Kuburikidza nepfungwa dzakadai sechinangwa, nguva, uye hunhu, Husserl akaronga nzira yakaoma yekuburitsa hwaro hwezviitiko. Basa rake rinoenderera mberi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, richisimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu kuvapo kwevanhu uye kubatana pakati pekuziva nenyika. Pasinei nematambudziko netsoropodzo, zviitiko zvaHusserl zvinoramba zviri dombo guru repfungwa dzemazuva ano, zvichikoka kuramba tichifungisisa uye tichizvishandisa.
Nekunyatsonzwisisa Husserl's phenomenology, tinotanga rwendo rwekunzwisisa kukosha kwehupenyu hwedu, tichiongorora kuti tinoona sei, tinoumba sei, uye tinogara sei munyika.
