Unyanzvi uye Runako Zvichienderana neFilosofi
Unyanzvi nerunako ipfungwa mbiri dzakabatana dzave dziri pakati pekuongorora kwefilosofi kwemazana emakore. Pakati peongororo idzi pane mibvunzo kwete chete nezvekuti hunyanzvi chii asiwo nezvekuti tinoona sei uye tinoongorora sei runako nemaitiro ehunyanzvi. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa pasi pehuzivi hweunyanzvi nerunako, chichiongorora dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana nemaonero akavandudza kunzwisisa kwedu zvinhu izvi zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwevanhu.
Historical Foundations
Yakare Philosophy
Kufungisisa kwehunyanzvi nerunako rwepfungwa kunogona kuteverwa kudzokera kuGreece Yekare. Plato, mumwe wevanhu vatanga basa, aive nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana nezveunyanzvi. Muhurukuro dzake, kunyanya mu "The Republic," akaratidza kunetseka kuti hunyanzvi hwaigona kutsausa nekukanganisa, sezvo hwaingova kutevedzera chokwadi—zvichizobva zvabviswa pachokwadi katatu. Akafunga kuti ruzivo rwechokwadi rwaigona kuwanikwa chete kuburikidza nekuongorora zvinhu zvine musoro pane ruzivo rwepfungwa.
Aristotle, mudzidzi waPlato, akaedza kusimudzira chinzvimbo cheunyanzvi nekusimbisa hunhu hwahwo hwekutevedzera mubasa rake rinonzi “Poetics.” Sekureva kwaAristotle, hunyanzvi, kunyanya njodzi, hwakashanda basa rekuti vanhu vabvise manzwiro avo. Kusiyana naPlato, Aristotle aikoshesa kugona kwehunyanzvi kuratidza chokwadi pamusoro pehunhu hwevanhu neruzivo rwavo.
Pfungwa dzeMiddle Ages kusvika Renaissance
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, runako rwakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nedzidziso dzechitendero. St. Augustine naSt. Thomas Aquinas vakabatanidza uzivi hwekare nedzidziso dzechiKristu, vachiona hunyanzvi senzira yekusimudzira mweya kuti usvike pakunaka kwaMwari. Unyanzvi hwaionekwa sechishandiso chekukudza Mwari nekudzidzisa vanhu vazhinji nezvenyaya dzechitendero nehunhu hwakanaka.
Nguva yeRenaissance yakaunza kumutsidzirwa kwetsika dzechiGiriki nedzeRoma, pamwe chete nekukura kwehunhu hwevanhu. Vanyori vakaita saLeonardo da Vinci naMichelangelo vakaedza kuyananisa zvemweya nezvepanyika, vachiongorora kudzama kwesimba revanhu uye hunhu hwavo. Nguva iyi yakaratidza shanduko kuenda pakukoshesa runako nekugadzira zvinhu zvisina basa.
Modern Philosophy
Kujekeswa uye Runako
Bhuku rinonzi The Enlightenment rakaunza dzidziso yakarongeka yerunako. Bhuku raImmanuel Kant rinonzi “Critique of Judgment” rinoramba riri rimwe remabhuku ane simba guru munyaya iyi. Kant akataura kuti kutonga kwerunako hakuna hanya, zvichireva kuti hakuna rusaruro rwemunhu kana zvinangwa zvinotungamirirwa nekubatsira. Akaunza pfungwa dze“pamusoro” ne“dzakanaka,” achitsanangura kuti zviitiko izvi zvinomutsa sei mhando dzakasiyana dzemhinduro dzemanzwiro. Kuna Kant, ruzivo rwerunako rwaive mubatanidzwa wakasiyana pakati pepfungwa dzekunzwisisa nekufungidzira.
Mumwe munhu anokosha, David Hume, anotarisa runako kubva pamaonero ekuongorora. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Of the Standard of Taste," Hume anoti kunyange zvazvo runako rwuri mumaziso emunhu anoona, dzimwe nheyo dzinoshandiswa nevanhu vose dzinogona kutungamira maonero edu erunako. Akabvuma kuti kuravira ndekwemunhu asi aitenda kuti kubvumirana pakati pevatsoropodzi vane hunyanzvi kunogona kugadza mwero wekuongorora hunyanzvi.
Rudo uye Kupfuura
Muzana remakore rechi19, vanhu vakatanga kuchinja vachienda kuRomanticism, iyo yaisimbisa kusimba kwemanzwiro, kutaura kwemunhu, uye kunaka kwayo. Vazivi vakaita saFriedrich Schiller naArthur Schopenhauer vaiona hunyanzvi senzvimbo umo hudzvanyiriri hwechido hwaigona kuregedzwa kwenguva pfupi. Schopenhauer, kunyanya, aitenda kuti hunyanzvi hunopa nzira yekupukunyuka kubva mukuedza kusingaperi kunoratidza kuvapo kwevanhu, zvichipa nzvimbo yekuchengetera kufungisisa kwakachena.
Maitiro Euzivi Emazuva Ano
Kuyevedza Kwekuongorora
Muzana remakore rechi20, kukwira kwehuzivi hwekuongorora kwakaunza divi idzva kuhunhu. Vafungi vakaita saLudwig Wittgenstein naNelson Goodman vakaongorora maumbirwo emitauro nezviratidzo zviri pasi peunyanzvi. "Mitauro yeUnyanzvi" yaGoodman yakati mabasa eunyanzvi anoshanda sezviratidzo mukati mehurongwa hwekumiririra, zvakafanana nemutauro. Akabvunza mibvunzo nezvehunhu hwekutaura kweunyanzvi, kumiririra, uye zvinodiwa pakusiyanisa hunyanzvi kubva kune husiri hweunyanzvi.
Arthur Danto, mumwe munhu ane mukurumbira mukuongorora runako, akatanga pfungwa ye "nyika yeunyanzvi." Murondedzero yake inonzi "The Artworld," anotaura kuti chimwe chinhu chinova hunyanzvi kwete chete kuburikidza nehunhu hwacho hwemukati asi kuburikidza nekuiswa kwahwo mumamiriro ezvinhu mukati mehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hunohuona hwakadaro. Pfungwa iyi yakapesvedzera zvakanyanya hurukuro yemazuva ano pamusoro pe ontology yeunyanzvi.
Fenomenology uye Hermeneutics
Zvichienderana nekuongorora runako, uzivi hwemakondinendi hwakabatsirawo zvikuru mumunda uyu. Nyanzvi dzezviitiko zvakaita saMaurice Merleau-Ponty dzakatsanangura hunhu hweruzivo rwerunako. Kwavari, hunyanzvi hwaive nzira yekuburitsa pachena nyika mukupfuma kwayo kwakazara uye kuoma kwayo, ichibatanidza muoni muhurukuro inopfuura kungoona chete.
Hermeneutics, kunyanya kuburikidza nebasa raHans-Georg Gadamer, yakasimbisa hunhu hwekutsanangura hunyanzvi. Mu "Truth and Method," Gadamer akataura kuti kunzwisisa hunyanzvi kunosanganisira kusanganiswa kwemaonero pakati pehunyanzvi nemuoni. Chiito ichi chekutsanangura chinoshanduka uye chakavakirwa munhoroondo, chichipikisa pfungwa yezvinoreva zvakagadzika muhunyanzvi.
Postmodernism uye Kuparadza
Uzivi hwemazuva ano hwakaunza kusava nechokwadi nezvenyaya huru nechokwadi chakakwana, zvichikanganisa zvikuru runako. Kuparadza kwaJacques Derrida kunopokana nepfungwa mbiri dzinotsigira dzidziso yechinyakare yerunako, dzakadai sechimiro chinopesana nezviri mukati kana hunyanzvi hwepamusoro kana hushoma. Runako rwemazuva ano runopemberera kuwanda, kupatsanurwa, uye kukanganiswa kwetsika dzakagara dziripo.
Jean-François Lyotard, mubhuku rake rinonzi “The Postmodern Condition,” akataura kusavimba nenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, achitsigira kuti pave nekunzwisiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzisina kusimba muunyanzvi. Maonero aya anoenderana nemafambiro emazuva ano anotsvaga kuita kuti hunyanzvi huve hwedemocracy, achigamuchira manzwi akasiyana-siyana nezviitiko zvinowanzobviswa munyaya dzechitendero.
mhedziso
Kuongorora huzivi hweunyanzvi nerunako inyaya yakapfuma, ine mativi akawanda inoramba ichichinja. Kubva padzidziso dzekufananidzira dzeGreece Yekare kusvika kumibvunzo yakaoma, inowanzova inokatyamadza ye postmodernism, huzivi hunopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekuti tinogadzira sei, tinodudzira, uye tinokoshesa sei hunyanzvi. Kukurukurirana uku hakungowedzere kukoshesa kwedu mabasa eunyanzvi chete asiwo kunodzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwekuziva kwevanhu, manzwiro, netsika. Sezvatinofambira mberi, hurukuro pakati pehunyanzvi nehuzivi pasina mubvunzo icharamba ichikurudzira, ichipikisa, uye ichikurudzira.
