Schopenhauer neUzivi hweKuda
Arthur Schopenhauer, muzivi wekuGermany wezana remakore rechi19, anowanzo rumbidzwa nekuda kwekuongorora kwake kwakashata uye kwakadzama kwehupenyu hwevanhu, kutambura, uye pfungwa yaakanyanya kutaura—'Will'. Uzivi hwake ibhiriji rakakosha pakati pepfungwa dzechiGerman nedzidziso yekuvapo, zvichiratidza mafungiro evanhu vakazotevera uye zvichipesvedzera mativi akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira zvepfungwa, mabhuku, uye kunyange mimhanzi. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa muuzivi hwaSchopenhauer hweWill, zvahunoreva, uye nhaka yahwo inogara iripo.
Midzi yeUngwaru yaSchopenhauer
Akazvarwa muna 1788, rwendo rweuzivi rwaSchopenhauer rwakatanga pasi pemumvuri waImmanuel Kant, uyo aive neuzivi hwekutsoropodza hwaipokana nepfungwa dzevanhu neruzivo rwavo. Kunyange zvazvo Kant akataura kuti "chinhu chiri machiri" (Ding an sich) hachizivikanwe, Schopenhauer akaedza kupfuura muganhu uyu. Aipesvedzerwawo nevazivi vechiGiriki vekare, magwaro euzivi eIndia akaita seUpanishads, uye munda wesainzi yekuongorora zvinhu.
Bhuku guru raSchopenhauer, rinonzi “Nyika seKuda neKumiririrwa” (1818), rinopa dzidziso yake yehuzivi yakakura. Kuna Schopenhauer, nyika yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri. Chekutanga, nyika seKumiririrwa (Vorstellung), inosanganisira zvese zvatinoona kuburikidza nepfungwa dzedu nemidziyo yedu yekufunga. Chechipiri, uye chinonyanya kukosha, nyika seKuda (Wille), simba risingaoni, risingaperi, uye risinganzwisisike rinosimbisa zvese zvechokwadi.
Pfungwa yeChido
Pakati pepfungwa dzaSchopenhauer pane pfungwa yeKuda, simba remweya rakafanana nesimba guru rinotyaira rinopararira muzvisikwa zvose. Kusiyana nepfungwa yepfungwa uye yakachena yekuti 'kuda' mumutauro wakajairika, Kuda kwaSchopenhauer ipfungwa yakadzama, yemuzvarirwo. Chishuwo chisingadzoreki, chisingadzoreki chinoonekwa muzvinhu zvese, kubva pamhando dziri nyore dzehupenyu kusvika kuzvinangwa zvepamusoro zvevanhu.
Kuda uku hakufanirwe kuvhiringidzwa nezvinangwa zvedu kana zvishuwo zvedu. Zvechokwadi, Schopenhauer aiona zvishuwo zvemunhu sezvingori kuratidzwa kweKuda kukuru. Semuenzaniso, kuda zvepabonde hakusi kungoda kwemunhu asi kuratidzwa kwekuda kwerudzi kuti rurambe ruchienderera mberi. Kuda kunogara kuchiedza pasina zvinangwa chaizvo, zvichitungamira nguva dzose kukuchiva zvakanyanya uye, nekudaro, kutambura kwakawanda.
Kutambura uye Mamiriro Evanhu
Chimwe chezvinotaurwa zvakakosha muhuzivi hwaSchopenhauer ndechekuti hupenyu hunoratidzwa nekutambura. Izvi zvinobva pahunhu hweChido, icho chinoramba chichishuvira uye nokudaro chinotonga vanhu kuti vagare vachingoda uye vachigutsikana kwenguva pfupi. Nguva inongozadzikiswa chishuwo, chimwe chinomuka—maitiro asingamiri anotonga vanhu kuti vasagutsikane zvachose.
Kuna Schopenhauer, nguva pfupi dzemufaro kana mufaro ingori zororo renguva pfupi kubva mukutambudzika kusingadzoreki. Maonero aya asina tariro anomuita kuti ataure kuti chinhu chakanakisisa chaungatarisira ndechekutambura kushoma. Anoziva kuti zororo rinogona kuwanikwa munguva apo pfungwa dzemunhu dzisingatongwi neChido, senge mukufungisisa nezverunako kana zviito zvetsitsi.
Kufungisisa neunyanzvi
Mukupukunyuka kubva mukutambudzwa kusingaperi kweWill, Schopenhauer anoona hunyanzvi neruzivo rwekunaka sezororo rakakosha. Kana vanhu vachiita hunyanzvi hwechokwadi, vanodarika zvido zvavo uye kusagadzikana kweWill. Unyanzvi hunobvumira kumisa kwechinguvana zvinodiwa neWill, zvichipa mukana wekuona rudzi rweruzivo rwakachena, rusina hanya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, vacherechedzi vanogona kukoshesa runako nekuda kwarwo, rwakasiyana nepfungwa dzavo uye kutambura kwavo.
Pakati pehunyanzvi, Schopenhauer aikoshesa mimhanzi zvakanyanya. Aiiona sechiratidzo chakananga cheWill, ichitsanangura zvayakanakira kupfuura chero humwe hunhu hweunyanzvi. Kusiyana nehunyanzvi hwekuona, hunopa mifananiso yezviratidzo zveWill, mimhanzi inotaura mumutauro weWill pachayo, ichipa kurudziro yakadzama yemanzwiro pasina murevereri wepfungwa kana chimiro.
Hunhu Hwakanaka: Kuzvinyima Uye Tsitsi
Mukutaura nezvetsika, Schopenhauer akapa mhinduro mbiri huru kumamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu anorayirwa neChido: kuzvinyima netsitsi. Kuzvinyima kunosanganisira kuramba Chido chekurarama, kuramba nemaune uye kwakarongeka zvishuwo uye hukama hwenyika. Nekuderedza zvinodiwa neChido, vanhu vanogona kuderedza kutambura kwavo uye kuwana rudzi rwekusiya rugare. Schopenhauer akawana manzwi enzira iyi muzvitendero zvekuMabvazuva zvakaita seBuddhism neJainism, pamwe netsika dzemamongi ekuMadokero.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tsitsi dzinobuda mukuziva hunhu hwekutambudzika kwevanhu. Kana vanhu vakanzwisisa kuti vamwewo vanoratidzawo Chido chimwe chete, hunhu hwechokwadi hwetsika hunomuka. Mabasa emutsa netsitsi anoumba kupesana kukuru nekuedza kweudyire kunotungamirwa neChido. Mabasa etsitsi anosimbisa kubatana kwakadzama kunopfuura kuda kwemunhu, zvichisimudzira chisungo chinoderedza kutambura kwakapararira kwehupenyu.
Nhaka uye Kufurira
Uzivi hwaSchopenhauer hwakava nemigumisiro yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana. Mukati meuzivi, anogona kuonekwa semutangiri wechitendero chehupenyu hwemunhu, achipesvedzera vanhu vakaita saFriedrich Nietzsche, avo vese vakatora nekutsoropodza zvakasimba pfungwa dzaSchopenhauer. Pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekutambura uye hunhu hwemufaro hunopfuura nguva dzinoenderana zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzechitendero chehupenyu hwemunhu nezvechokwadi, rusununguko, uye zvinoreva.
Munyaya yepfungwa, Sigmund Freud akabvuma kunzwisisa kwaSchopenhauer kwakapinza pamusoro pezvinhu zvisina musoro zvemaitiro evanhu, izvo zvaifananidzira dzidziso dzepfungwa dzevasingazive. Pfungwa yaSchopenhauer yekuti zviito zvevanhu zvakawanda zvinotungamirwa nemasimba asina musoro inowana kudzokororwa kwakajeka mudzidziso dzaFreud dzekukurudzira nekudzvinyirira.
Vanyori, vaimbi, nevanyori vakawanawo kurudziro kubva kuna Schopenhauer. Munyori wenziyo Richard Wagner akawana kurudziro mumaonero aSchopenhauer pamusoro pemimhanzi uye akaabatanidza mumabasa ake emitambo. Vanyori vakaita saThomas Mann naMarcel Proust vairemekedza kufungisisa kwakadzama kwaSchopenhauer pamusoro pehunhu hwevanhu nekutambura.
mhedziso
Pfungwa dzaArthur Schopenhauer dzeChido dzichiri mupiro unokwezva uye unonetsa kumafungiro efilosofi. Kuramba kwake achifunga nezvehupenyu husina musoro, huzere nekutambura kunosiyana zvakanyanya netsika dzekuMadokero dzine tariro. Asi, mukuziva simba rakapararira reChido chisingaperi, anovhurawo nzira dzekunzwisisa kudzama kweunyanzvi, kukosha kwetsitsi, uye mukana wekuparadzaniswa kwakanyarara. Saka, Schopenhauer anomira semunhu akakosha mukuedza kuri kuenderera mberi kwekunzwisisa kuoma kwehupenyu hwevanhu.
