Musoro: Nhoroondo yeMaitiro eDeontological aImmanuel Kant
Introduction:
Immanuel Kant, muzivi wechiGerman wezana remakore rechi18, achiri mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru muuzivi hwekuMadokero. Dzidziso yake yetsika, inozivikanwa seDeontological Ethics kana Kantian Ethics, inonyanya kutarisa tsika dzezviito, kwete mhedzisiro yazvo. Kusiya uku kubva kudzidziso dzezvinotevera senge utilitarianism kwakaratidza shanduko huru muuzivi hwetsika. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa munhoroondo, misimboti, uye kukosha kusingaperi kweDeontological Ethics yaKant.
The Historical Context:
Immanuel Kant akazvarwa muna 1724 muKönigsberg, Prussia, ikozvino yava Kaliningrad, Russia. Nzvimbo yake yepfungwa yakanga yakapfuma mukufunga kwesainzi nepfungwa, kunyanya zvakakanganiswa neKujekeswa. Munguva iyi, pakanga paine kusimbiswa kwakasimba kwekufunga neuchapupu hwekuongorora senzvimbo dzeruzivo, mukupindura kune zvaionekwa sedzidziso dzedzidziso dzemazana emakore apfuura.
Rwendo rwaKant rwepfungwa rwakatanga nekubatanidzwa kukuru mu metaphysics ne epistemology, zvichizoguma zvaita kuti ave nepfungwa dzake dzekutsoropodza, dzakanyorwa mu Critiques dzake nhatu—“Critique of Pure Reason,” “Critique of Practical Reason,” uye “Critique of Judgment.” “Critique of Practical Reason” ndiyo inoisa hwaro hwedzidziso yake yetsika, ichisimbisa basa rekunzwisisa mukuita sarudzo dzetsika.
Nheyo Dzekutanga:
Pakati pedzidziso yaKant yeDeontological Ethics pane Categorical Imperative, mutemo wetsika wepasi rose unorayira kuti zviito zvinofanira kuitwa nepfungwa yebasa uye kutevedzera mutemo wetsika, kwete kune chero mhedzisiro inongoitika. Categorical Imperative yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana:
1. Fomura yeMutemo Wepasi Pose: "Ita zvinoenderana nemutemo waunogona panguva imwe chete kuti uve mutemo wepasi rose."
2. Fomura yeHumanity: "Ita nenzira yekuti unobata vanhu, kungave iwe pachako kana kuti mumwe munhu, nguva dzose panguva imwe chete sechinangwa, kwete senzira yekungovabatsira chete."
3. Fomura Yekuzvitonga: "Ita chete kuitira kuti ugone kuzviona panguva imwe chete sekugadzira mutemo wepasi rose kuburikidza nemirairo yawo."
Magadzirirwo aya anovavarira kuona kuti zviito zvinogamuchirwa mutsika kana zvichiremekedza hunhu hwevanhu vese uye kugona kwavo kuzvigadzirira mutemo wetsika. Kuna Kant, chinangwa chechiito chakakosha—zviito zvinongoitwa netsika chete kana zvichiitwa nebasa, kwete nekuda kwekuda kana kuzvifadza.
Kupesvedzera uye Kuchinja:
Kant's Deontological Ethics yaive nekuchinja kukuru. Yakapikisa dzidziso dzetsika dzaivepo dzaive dzakakosha, ichipa hurongwa hwakasimba hwaisimbisa kukosha kwemutemo wetsika nerukudzo rwevanhu. Muzana remakore rechi19 tsika dzeKantian dzakaona vazivi vakasiyana-siyana vachipesvedzera, kunyangwe yakatarisanawo nekutsoropodzwa nekududzirwa patsva.
Imwe nzira yakakurumbira yekuchinja yaive dzidziso yetsika yaFH Bradley mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, iyo, pasinei netsika dzayo dzepfungwa dzakanaka, yakabatanidza zvinhu zvainyanya kusimbiswa naKant pabasa netsika. Saizvozvowo, vafungi vekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 vakaita saGE Moore vakanetsekawo netsika dzaKantian, vachiwanzosiyanisa pfungwa dzake nedzidziso dzetsika dzaivepo.
Kantian deontology yakapesvedzerawo zvikuru dzidziso yemutemo, kunyanya mumabhuku aJohn Rawls nedzidziso yake yeruramisiro. "A Theory of Justice" yaRawls inoratidza pfungwa dzaKantian nekutsigira misimboti yeruramisiro inobva muchibvumirano chevanhu, tichifunga nezvekururamisira nekuenzana.
Contemporary Relevance:
Munzvimbo yepfungwa dzemazuva ano, tsika dzaKantian dzinoramba dzichikosha zvikuru. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzezvepfungwa dzinoramba dzichikurukura nekunatsiridza pfungwa dzaKant, dzichitaura nezvekutsoropodzwa uye dzichiwedzera misimboti yake yepakutanga. Semuenzaniso, vamwe nyanzvi dzezvetsika vanoti kusimbirira kwaKant pakufunga nekuzvitonga hakutarisi basa remanzwiro nehukama mukuita sarudzo dzetsika, zvichikonzera kubuda kwetsika dzekutarisira dzinotsvaga kuzadzisa misimboti yezvepfungwa.
Uyezve, tsika dzeKantian dzinoramba dzichikosha munhaurirano dzezvetsika dzemuviri nedzemutemo, kunyanya panyaya dzakadai sekodzero dzevanhu, euthanasia, uye mvumo. Kusimbirira kwayo pakubata vanhu semhedzisiro yavo kunopa hurongwa hwakasimba hwetsika dzekuchengetedza chiremera chemunhu nekuzvitonga.
Tsvagiridzo neMiganho:
Pasinei nesimba rayo rakawanda, Kant's Deontological Ethics yakatarisana nekuongororwa kwakakosha kwemazana emakore. Imwe ongororo yakakosha ndeyekusagadzikana kwayo—nekutarisa pahuwandu hwemitemo yetsika, tsika dzeKantian dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuoneka dzisingachinjiki uye dzisinganyanyi kukanganiswa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, vatsoropodzi vanoti kutevedzera zvakanyanya misimboti yedeontological kunogona kutungamira kumhedzisiro dzisina hunhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma apo kufunga nezvemhedzisiro kunoratidzika sekunokwezva tsika.
Uyezve, kusimbisa kwaKant pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekusaremekedza zvisikwa zvisina pfungwa uye kuderedza kukosha kwemanzwiro nekutarisira. Nyanzvi dzetsika dzevakadzi, saCarol Gilligan, dzinoti izvi zvinoderedza kukosha kwetsika dzehukama nedzekutarisira, zvichitsigira hurongwa hwetsika hunobatanidza mamiriro emanzwiro nemamiriro ezvinhu.
mhedziso:
Bhuku raImmanuel Kant rinonzi Deontological Ethics rinomira sebudiriro huru muhuzivi hwetsika, richisimbisa hunhu hwezviito zvakavakirwa pabasa uye mutemo wetsika wepasi rose. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwaro nemiganhu, pesvedzero inogara iripo yedzidziso yetsika yaKant hairambiki. Rinoramba richiumba hurukuro dzefilosofi, misimboti yemutemo, uye kufunga nezvetsika mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, richisimbisa nhaka inogara iripo yekuongorora kwaKant kwakadzama kwehunhu hwetsika nerukudzo rwevanhu. Munzvimbo iri kuramba yakaoma uye inonetsa tsika, tsika dzaKantian dzinopa chiyeuchidzo chisingaperi chenheyo dzakavakirwa padzinofanira kumira zviito zvetsika.
