Kuramba kwaFriedrich Nietzsche mutsika: Kubviswa kwetsika dzechinyakare
Friedrich Nietzsche, muzivi wekuGermany wekupera kwezana remakore rechi19, anowanzo rumbidzwa semumwe wevafungi vane simba uye vanomutsa pfungwa dzeuzivi hwemazuva ano. Kuongorora kwake tsika, chitendero, netsika kwakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki pahurukuro dzeuzivi. Chinhu chikuru mubasa rake ndechekuramba kwake tsika, uko kunopikisa tsananguro dzechinyakare dzezvakanaka nezvakaipa, hunhu hwetsika dzevanhu, uye maumbirwo enzanga anoita seakabatana nepfungwa idzi. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa mukuramba kwaNietzsche tsika, nechinangwa chekuparadza chivakwa chetsika dzechinyakare uye kupa kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwepfungwa dzake dzechimurenga.
Dzinza retsika
Pakati pepfungwa dzaNietzsche pane bhuku rinonzi “The Genealogy of Morals,” iro raanonyanya kutaura nezvenhoroondo yedzidziso dzetsika. Nietzsche anoti zvatinofunga nezvetsika hazvisi chokwadi chisingaperi asi zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu zvakabva muzviitiko zvenhoroondo.
Anosiyanisa pakati pe "tsika huru" ne "tsika dzevaranda." Yekutanga, yakabatana neboka revanhu vekare, inokoshesa kudada, simba, uye hunhu. Tsika huru inopemberera simba rehupenyu uye inotsigira kuvapo. Kune rumwe rutivi, tsika dzevaranda, dzinobuda mukugumbuka kwevanhu vakadzvinyirirwa - kunyanya tsika dzechiJudha nechiKristu - dzinokoshesa kuzvininipisa, tsitsi, uye kuzviisa pasi. Nietzsche anotaura kuti tsika dzevaranda itsika inobatsira; inopindura kutonga kwevatongi uye inotsvaga kutsausa tsika dzevatongi nekuvati 'vakaipa.'
Maitiro aNietzsche ekuverenga madzinza anoratidza kuti zvatinowanzoona semitemo yetsika inoenderana nepfungwa dzevanhu uye zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu enhoroondo nemagariro evanhu. Kusaziva chokwadi uku kunoshanda senzira yekunzwisisa zvaanoramba tsika dzake.
Kutsamwa uye Kuda Kwesimba
Pfungwa yaNietzsche ye "kusada" inokosha pakunzwisisa zvaanoramba. Kusada imhando yehasha dzakadzvinyirirwa negodo zvinoonekwa nevaya vanozviona sevasina simba. Izvi zvinova nzvimbo yekuberekera tsika dzevaranda, sezvo vasina simba vachiisa hasha dzavo mukutonga kwetsika kunosvibisa hunhu hwevane simba nevane simba.
Kusiyana neizvi, Nietzsche anotanga pfungwa ye "chido chesimba," chishuwo chiri mukati mevanhu vese chekusimbisa, kukura, uye kuwedzera simba ravo uye kugona kwavo. Tsika dzechivanhu, maererano naNietzsche, dzinodzvinyirira chido ichi chesimba nekuzviti chivi kana kuti hachina hunhu. Mukuona uku, Nietzsche anoona tsika dzechivanhu sedzinorambidza hupenyu, dzichidzivisa kugona kwevanhu uye kugona kwavo. Pane kudaro, anotsigira kuongororwazve kwetsika dzinoenderana nechido chesimba, dzichigamuchira hunhu hunosimbisa hupenyu hwakadai sechishuwo, kugona, uye simba.
Rufu rwaMwari neDambudziko reNihilism
Chimwe chezviziviso zvaNietzsche zvakakurumbira mu "The Gay Science" ndechekuti "Mwari afa." Pano, Nietzsche haangozivise chete kuparara kwemwari asi kuparara kwegadziriro yese yemetaphysical yakanga yatsigira tsika dzeEurope nerevo. Rufu rwaMwari runoratidza kuparara kwemutongi wepamusoro wetsika dzakakwana, zvichikonzera dambudziko rekusava nechitendero—mamiriro ezvinhu umo hupenyu hunoita sehusina chinangwa nerevo.
Nietzsche anosimbisa kuti mhedzisiro iyi yeKuvhenekerwa uye kugona kwesainzi inoda kugadziriswa kwetsika. Anokurudzira nzanga kuti ipfuure hurongwa hwetsika dzechinyakare uye igadzire tsika itsva dzinogamuchira kugona kwevanhu nehunyanzvi. Mukuita izvi, Nietzsche anofungidzira kubuda kwe "Übermensch" kana kuti "Overman," munhu anopfuura tsika dzechinyakare kuti agadzire tsika itsva, dzinosimbisa hupenyu.
Kutsoropodzwa Kwetsika dzechiKristu
Zvinotaurwa naNietzsche zvinonyanya kushora tsika dzechiKristu, dzaanoona sechiratidzo chetsika dzevaranda. Sekureva kwaNietzsche, chiKristu chinokudza kushaya simba, kuzvininipisa, uye kutambura. Chinoshandura tsika dzakanaka uye hunhu hunosimbisa hupenyu, zvichichinja kuita zviratidzo zvechivi nehuipi. Anoti tsika dzechiKristu dzinopesana nepfungwa dzechisikigo dzehupenyu nesimba, zvichisimudzira tsika yekuzvipa mhosva nekudzvinyirira.
Kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche hakusi kungorwisa masangano echiKristu chete asiwo kutsoropodza tsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Anoona kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwetsika dzechiKristu sechiratidzo chekusagadzikana kwakadzama—kurambwa kwakarongwa kwesimba rehupenyu nemabasa ahwo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Nietzsche anozviona semutauriri wetsika itsva inotsvaga kusunungura vanhu kubva muzvisungo zvetsika dzinoramba hupenyu.
Kudzoka Kusingaperi uye Kusimbiswa kweHupenyu
Imwe yepfungwa dzaNietzsche dzisinganzwisisike ndeye "kudzokorora kusingaperi," inoburitswa mu "Saka Zarathustra Yakataurwa." Pfungwa iyi inoratidza kuti vanhu vanofanira kurarama hupenyu hwavo sekunge vachadzokorora kusingaperi. Pfungwa iyi inoshanda semuedzo wekusimbisa hupenyu: Munhu anogona kugamuchira hupenyu hwake nezvikanganiso zvahwo nemufaro nekusingaperi, pasina kuzvidemba here?
Kuburikidza nekudzokorora kusingaperi, Nietzsche anoedza vanhu kuti vararame zvechokwadi, vachigamuchira zvizere kuda kwavo simba nemasimba akasiyana. Haisi kungoedza kufunga chete asi kuda kuti zviito zvavo zvienderane nekugadzirwa kwetsika dzinosimbisa hupenyu pane kuramba. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuramba kwaNietzsche tsika yekusagutsikana uye kurarama usingashande, zvichikurudzira kubatanidzwa muhupenyu nekukurumidza.
Mhedziso: Nhaka yeKuramba kwaNietzsche muTsika
Kuramba kwaFriedrich Nietzsche tsika kwakakanganisa pfungwa dzechinyakare dzetsika netsika. Nekuongorora zvakadzama mavambo nemhedzisiro yepfungwa dzetsika dzakasimbiswa, akaburitsa pachena hunhu hwezvinhu zvinowanzo gamuchirwa sezvisina kugadzikana. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwake kusagutsikana, kuda kwesimba, kufa kwaMwari, uye kudzoka kusingaperi, Nietzsche anotikurudzira kuti tifungezve nezvetsika dzedu uye tirarame hupenyu nehuchokwadi uye simba.
Zvinotaurwa naNietzsche hazvisi zvekungoramba chete asi kukoka kuongorora zvakadzama tsika dzinopemberera hupenyu zvizere. Pfungwa dzake dzakasimba dzinoramba dzichiri kushanda, dzichikurudzira zvizvarwa zvitsva kuti zvibvunze, zvigadzire zvinhu zvitsva, uye zvitsvage zvinoreva zvakadzama kupfuura miganhu yetsika dzechinyakare. Munyika ichiri kurwisana nematambudziko etsika nehupenyu, huzivi hwaNietzsche hunopa chiyeuchidzo chakasimba chesimba rinochinja rekufunga kwakadzama uye kutsvaga hunyanzvi hwevanhu nguva dzose.
