Simone de Beauvoir uye Existentialist Feminism: Hurukuro Yechimurenga
Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) anomira semunhu mukuru muhuzivi hwe existentialist uye mafungiro evakadzi. Basa raDe Beauvoir, kunyanya bhuku rake guru, "The Second Sex," rave musimboti mukudzidza nezvehunhu hwevakadzi, hunhu, uye rusununguko. Kubatanidzwa kwake kwakasiyana kwe existentialism mudzidziso yevakadzi kunomiririra kubudirira kukuru—musanganiswa une simba, unochinja unobvunzurudza hupenyu hwevanhu uku uchipikisa zvivakwa zvenzanga zvichidzvinyirira vakadzi. Kuumbwa uku kunosimudzira hurukuro yakasimba inoramba ichienderera mberi munhoroondo dzemazuva ano dzevakadzi.
Kuvapo Kwezvinhu Nemakore Ekutanga Epfungwa
Kuti tinzwisise mupiro waDe Beauvoir mudzidziso yevakadzi, zvakakosha kunzwisisa hwaro hwehunhu hwechikadzi—sangano repfungwa rakanangana nekutsvaga rusununguko rwevanhu, mutoro, uye hunhu hwemunhu. Vatsigiri vakuru vehunhu hwechikadzi vakaita saJean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, naMartin Heidegger vakasimbisa ruzivo rwemunhu, vachiti kuvapo kunotangira hunhu. Iyi dzidziso inoreva kuti vanhu havaberekwi vaine chinangwa chakafanotaurwa; Asi, vanofanira kuzvigadzira ivo pachavo kuburikidza nesarudzo nezviito.
De Beauvoir, akabatana naSartre pachake uye nepfungwa, akagamuchira uye akagadzirisa dingindira rekuti vanhu vane pfungwa dzakasiyana kuti vaongorore zviitiko zvevakadzi zvakasiyana. Akadzidza paÉcole Normale Supérieure ine mukurumbira muParis, dzidzo yekutanga yefilosofi yade Beauvoir yakadzika midzi mukudzidza metaphysics uye phenomenology. Kusangana naSartre paSorbonne muna 1929 kwakamuunza kuhukama hwehupenyu hwese hwakapesvedzera zvakanyanya basa rake. Zvisinei, nepo Sartre ari munhu ane pfungwa dzakasiyana, pfungwa yade Beauvoir yevakadzi yakaratidza mamiriro erusununguko rwevanhu nekudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu.
"Bonde Rechipiri" uye Kuvapo Kwevakadzi
Rakaburitswa muna 1949, "The Second Sex" rakabuda sechinyorwa chakakosha, richiisa de Beauvoir pamberi pepfungwa dzevakadzi. Bhuku iri rinonyatsoongorora nzira dzekare netsika dzakashandiswa nevakadzi, richivaisa se'Vamwe' munharaunda yemadzitateguru. Maonero aDe Beauvoir ekuti vakadzi vanofanira kuva vakadzi vega anoratidza kudzvinyirirwa kwevakadzi sekurambidzwa rusununguko rwavo uye hunhu hwavo—kusaruramisira kwehupenyu.
De Beauvoir anotaura kuti kuva mukadzi hakusi chinhu chinogara chiripo asi hunhu hwakavakirwa pamagariro evanhu. Chirevo chake chakakurumbira chekuti, "Munhu haaberekwi, asi anova mukadzi," chinosimbisa pfungwa iyi. Chirevo ichi chinopikisa maonero evakadzi, chichitaura kuti hunhu hwevakadzi hunoumbwa nezvinodiwa nevanhurume netsika dzenzanga.
Achitora kubva mudzidziso yekuti vanhu vane hunhu hwechivanhu, de Beauvoir anosimbisa kuti kodzero yekusarudza uye sarudzo zvakakosha pakusunungurwa kwevakadzi. Anotsoropodza hukama hwevarume nevarume nekuda kwekudzikisa vakadzi pasi—mamiriro ekurarama vasingashande vachimanikidzwa nemabasa akatarwa—ukuwo varume vari munzvimbo yekupfuura mwero, vachigadzira ramangwana ravo. De Beauvoir anoda kuti vakadzi vapfuure miganho yemagariro evanhu, vagamuchire pfungwa dzavo, uye vataure rusununguko rwavo rwekuzvisarudzira ivo pachavo.
Misoro yeRusununguko uye Kusajeka
Chinhu chikuru mudzidziso yaDe Beauvoir yerusununguko rwevakadzi ndechekuti hukama hwakaoma pakati perusununguko nekusanzwisisika. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yekuti zvinhu zvinogara zviripo ichipemberera rusununguko rwevanhu, inobvumawo kusanzwisisika kwehupenyu. De Beauvoir anoongorora hukama uhwu, achitarisana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana anosangana nevakadzi pakushandisa rusununguko rwavo.
Mubhuku rinonzi "The Ethics of Ambiguity," de Beauvoir anotsanangura maonero ekuti vanhu vanofanira kufamba nepfungwa yekusagadzikana pakati perusununguko rwavo nezvirambidzo zvinoiswa nenyika yekunze. Kune vakadzi, zvirambidzo izvi zvinowedzerwa nehurongwa hwevarume hunodzikisira kuzvitonga kwavo. De Beauvoir haatsigire kutiza kusanzwisisika asi anokurudzira vakadzi kuti vazvigadzirise uye vagamuchire, sezvo rusununguko rwechokwadi runosanganisira kuziva nekupfuura miganho.
Kufurira kwaDe Beauvoir paFeminist Movements
Kutsigira kodzero dzevakadzi kwaDe Beauvoir kwakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki pamasangano evakadzi akazotevera. Kudanwa kwake kwekusunungurwa kwevakadzi kuburikidza nekuzvitsanangura uye kupa simba kwakagadzira hwaro hwemafungu akasiyana-siyana evakadzi. Kutsigira kodzero dzevakadzi kweSecond Wave kwema1960 nema1970, kwakatarisana nekusunungurwa kwemunhu nezvematongerwo enyika, kwakabva zvakanyanya kubva mupfungwa dzaDe Beauvoir. Vanhu vakakosha vakaita saBetty Friedan nenyanzvi dziri muWomen's Liberation Movement vakawana mu "The Second Sex" kutsoropodzwa kunokwezva kwehurongwa hwehurongwa hwaidzvinyirira vakadzi.
Uyezve, basa ra de Beauvoir rakapesvedzera kubatanidzwa kwevakadzi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana nekuratidza hunhu hweudzvinyiriri hwakasiyana-siyana. Kunyange zvazvo achinyanya kutarisa pahunhu hwevakadzi nevanhurume, hurongwa hwake hunobatanidza ongororo yerudzi, kirasi, nezvimwe zvinhu zvekuzivikanwa. Vafungi vemazuva ano vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saKimberlé Crenshaw vanovakira kubva papfungwa dza de Beauvoir kuti vaongorore kuti marudzi ekudzvinyirirwa anobatanidza sei vanhu zvakasiyana.
Tsvagiridzo uye Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi
Kunyangwe richizivikanwa zvakanyanya, basa ra de Beauvoir rakatsoropodzwawo. Nyanzvi dzakaratidza maonero ake eEurocentric, dzichinyanya kufuratira zviitiko zvevakadzi kunze kwenzvimbo dzekuMadokero. Pamusoro pezvo, vamwe vanoti kusimbisa kwake rusununguko rwemunhu kunogona kufuratira mativi ehurongi uye eboka rose anodiwa pakugadzirisa kudzvinyirirwa kwehurongwa.
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uku, mipiro ya de Beauvoir ichiri yakakosha zvikuru. Munguva inokurukura nezvekusiyana kwevakadzi nevarume, zvematongerwo enyika, uye kubatana kwevakadzi pasi rose, hunhu hwa de Beauvoir hwekudzivirira vakadzi hunopa hurongwa hunokosha hwekunzwisisa nekugadzirisa nyaya dzemazuva ano.
mhedziso
Kusanganiswa kwaSimone de Beauvoir kwehunhu hwekuvapo uye hunhu hwevakadzi kunomiririra hurukuro itsva inoramba ichikurudzira uye ichipikisa. "The Second Sex" inoramba iri gwaro rekutanga, richipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekubatana kwakaoma pakati pemurume nemukadzi, rusununguko, uye hunhu. Nekutaura kuti vakadzi vanofanira kuzvitsanangura uye kugamuchira rusununguko rwavo rwekuvapo, de Beauvoir akaisa hwaro hwepfungwa uye hwevakadzi hunogara huripo. Nhaka yake inotikoka kuti tirambe tichitarisana uye tichipfuura magariro evanhu anotisunga, tichisimbisa kutsvaga rusununguko rwevanhu kunogara kuripo.
