Dzidziso yeEmpirical yeRuzivo: Kuongorora Kwakadzama
Kutsvaga kunzwisisa ruzivo kwave kuri chinhu chikuru muuzivi nesainzi kwezviuru zvemakore. Imwe nzira yakakosha yekutsvaga uku idzidziso yeruzivo, iyo inotsigira pfungwa yekuti ruzivo runobva muruzivo rwepfungwa. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekuburitsa pachena kuomarara kwedzidziso iyi, tichiongorora midzi yayo yenhoroondo, misimboti mikuru, uye dudziro dzemazuva ano.
Nhoroondo Yenhoroondo
Dzidziso yeruzivo rwechokwadi inotangira mutsika dzekare dzeuzivi, kunyanya mumabasa evaSocrates vasati vavapo, Aristotle, nevaya vakazotevera kufunga vakaita saJohn Locke, George Berkeley, naDavid Hume. Vazivi ava vaiti ruzivo haruna kuzvarwa narwo asi runowanikwa kuburikidza neruzivo.
Aristotle akataura kuti ruzivo runotanga nekunzwisisa kwemanzwiro. Akasiyanisa pakati pe episteme (ruzivo rwesainzi) nedoxa (pfungwa), achiti kutarisa kwemaonero inzira yakakosha yekuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi. Kutarisa kwaAristotle pakutarisa nekuronga kwakaisa hwaro hwenzira dzekuongorora dzakazotevera.
John Locke, mubhuku rake guru rinonzi "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690), akasimudzira pfungwa yepfungwa se "tabula rasa" kana kuti blank slate. Sekureva kwaLocke, ruzivo rwese runobva pane zvakaitika, zvaakapatsanura kuita kunzwa nekufungisisa. Kunzwa zvinoreva zvinopinda kunze zvinoonekwa kuburikidza nemanzwiro, nepo kufungisisa kunosanganisira kugadziriswa kwemukati kwezvinopinda izvi zvemanzwiro.
George Berkeley akaenderera mberi nepfungwa dzaLocke achiti zvinhu zviripo semaonero ari mupfungwa chete. Kusava nepfungwa dzaBerkeley kunoratidza kuti nyika yekunze inongowanikwa chete kuburikidza nezviitiko zvepfungwa sezvo kuvapo kunoenderana nemaonero—zvakapfupikiswa mumutsara unoti “esse est percipi” (kuva ndiko kuonekwa).
David Hume akavandudza uzivi hwepfungwa nekutanga ongororo yakasimba yekuziva kwevanhu. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "A Treatise of Human Nature" (1739-1740), Hume akataura kuti kunzwisisa kwevanhu kunobva mutsika neruzivo pane kunzwisisa zvine musoro. Akaburitsa pfungwa ye "tsika" kana "tsika" sechinhu chakakosha pakubatanidza pfungwa, zvichikonzera zvaakadana kuti "nyaya dzechokwadi" (chokwadi chepfungwa) chakasiyana ne "hukama hwepfungwa" (chokwadi chine musoro).
Nheyo Dzepfungwa Dzemashiripiti
Dzidziso yeruzivo inobva pamisimboti yakati wandei inokosha:
1. Kuvimba neruzivo rwepfungwa: Ruzivo rwepfungwa rwakananga ndiro tsime guru reruzivo rwese. Ruzivo rwepfungwa runopesana neruzivo rwepakutanga, rwusingatsamiri pane ruzivo, senge chokwadi chemasvomhu.
2. Kupinza pfungwa pamusoro peKubvisa pfungwa: Kufungidzira kunosimbisa kufunga kwekufungidzira—kutora mhedziso dzakajairika kubva pane zvakacherechedzwa—pamusoro pekufunga kwekufungidzira. Kunyange zvazvo kupinza pfungwa kuchibvumira mhedziso dzekufungidzira, kubvisa pfungwa kunopa chokwadi asi kunoda kuti pfungwa dzizivikanwe nechokwadi, izvo zvinonetsa pasina humbowo hwekuongorora.
3. Kukanganisa kweRuzivo: Ruzivo rwechokwadi runogona kukanganisa nekuda kwekukundikana kwemaonero evanhu uye mukana wekukanganisa pakucherechedza nekududzira. Kukanganisa uku kunoda kuongororwa nguva dzose uye kugadziriswa kwefungidziro.
4. Nzira yeSainzi: Nzira yekuongorora zvinhu inosimbisa nzira yesainzi, inosanganisira kuongorora, kugadzira fungidziro, kuyedza, uye kudzokorora. Maitiro aya ekudzokorora anovavarira kuvaka ruzivo rwakavimbika rwakavakirwa muzviitiko zvinoonekwa.
5. Kusimbiswa Kwemashoko: Kuti chirevo chive chine zvachinoreva kana kuti chechokwadi, chinofanira kunge chichisimbiswa nedzidziso yemashiripiti. Nheyo iyi inoramba zvirevo zvemashiripiti zvisingaitwe pakuedzwa kwemashiripiti.
Dudziro Nematambudziko Emazuva Ano
Mupfungwa nesainzi yemazuva ano, dzidziso yeruzivo rwechokwadi inoramba ichiita basa guru, kunyangwe paine dudziro dzakasiyana-siyana nematambudziko.
Logical Positivism, sangano remuzana remakore rechi20 rakafuridzirwa nepfungwa dzekufungidzira, rakati zvirevo zvine musoro ndezvechokwadi pakuongorora (zvechokwadi netsananguro) kana kuti zvinogona kusimbiswa nepfungwa. Zvisinei, chiyero ichi chekusimbisa chakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa nekuda kwekunyanya kudzvinyirira uye kuramba zvirevo zvemetaphysical netsika sezvisina zvazvinoreva.
Pragmatism, inotsigirwa nevazivi vakaita saCharles Peirce, William James, naJohn Dewey, inopa maonero anochinjika pamusoro peruzivo rwekuongorora. Pragmatism inoti chokwadi chechitendero chinotemerwa nemigumisiro yacho inoshanda uye kubatsira kwayo. Maitiro aya anovhara musiyano uripo pakati pehumbowo hwekuongorora nekushandisa kwahwo.
Fenomenology ne hermeneutics, kunyanya mumabasa aMartin Heidegger naHans-Georg Gadamer, zvinopikisa kutarisa kwekuongorora kwechokwadi nekusimbisa hunhu hwepfungwa, hwekududzira hwezviitiko zvevanhu. Maitiro aya anotaura kuti kunzwisisa kunogara kuri mumamiriro ezvinhu uye kunopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvenhoroondo netsika, zvichiita kuti kuve nekuoma kwekuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi.
Dambudziko reKutanga, iro rakakurumbira kutaurwa naHume, richiri dambudziko rinoramba riripo. Kufunga kwekukurudzira, kunyangwe kuri hwaro hweruzivo rwekuongorora, hakugone kuvimbisa chokwadi chemhedziso dzinotorwa kubva mukucherechedza kushoma. Mhinduro dzemazuva ano, dzakadai sepfungwa yaKarl Popper yekunyepedzera, dzinotsigira kuti dzidziso dzesainzi dzigone kurambwa pane kusimbiswa.
Sainzi yeKufunga neNeuroscience: Kufambira mberi muminda iyi kwakaunza mativi matsva kudzidziso yekuongorora, vachiongorora kuti uropi hunoshandisa sei ruzivo rwekunzwa uye hunovaka ruzivo. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pekunzwisisa, kurangarira, uye kufunga inopa nzwisiso muhwaro hwekuongorora ruzivo asi zvakare inoratidza kuomarara uye rusaruro runogona kuwanikwa mukuziva kwevanhu.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yeruzivo yakaumba zvakadzama kunzwisisa kwedu kwekuti tinowana sei, tinosimbisa, uye tinogadzirisa sei ruzivo. Kubva pamidzi yaro yenhoroondo muuzivi hwekare kusvika pakududzira kwayo kwemazuva ano nematambudziko, empiricism inosimbisa kukosha kweruzivo rwekunzwa nekucherechedza sehwaro hweruzivo.
Kunyange zvazvo isina miganhu yayo uye kushoropodzwa kwayo, nzira yekuongorora zvinhu inoramba yakakosha mukuferefeta kwesainzi uye kufunga kwezuva nezuva. Inoramba ichichinja-chinja, ichibatanidza nzwisiso kubva kumapoka akasiyana-siyana kuti iwedzere kunzwisisa kwedu ruzivo munyika inogara ichichinja. Nekugamuchira simba rayo uye miganhu yayo, tinogona kuramba tichisimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu hunhu hweruzivo uye basa rayo muhupenyu hwevanhu.
