Dzidziso yeDerrida neDeconstruction
ziviso
Jacques Derrida, mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rechi20, akatanga pfungwa ye "deconstruction," izwi iro rave richipararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai semabhuku, mitauro, uzivi, uye zvidzidzo zvetsika. Deconstruction ipfungwa yakakosha ine chekuita nehukama huripo pakati pezvinyorwa nezvinorehwa. Inopikisa pfungwa yezvimiro zvakagadzikana uye dudziro dzakasimba, ichitsigira kutamba kusingaperi kwezvinoreva.
Midzi yeKuparadza
Kuparadza kwakatanga muboka revakaronga zvinhu, iro raive nehanya nehurongwa hwetsika nemitauro yevanhu. Vagadziri vehurongwa vakaita saFerdinand de Saussure vakasimbisa kukosha kwehurongwa hwemitauro mukuumba kunzwisisa kwedu nyika. Zvisinei, Derrida akatsoropodza maitiro ehurongwa hwekuvaka ekuratidza kuomarara uye kugadzikana mukati mehurongwa uhu. Akakurudzira kuparadza kwacho senzira yekuongorora nekupedza kugadzikana kwehurongwa.
Nheyo Dzekutanga dzeKuparadza
Pachinyanya kukosha, kuparadzwa kwechivakwa kunotungamirirwa nepfungwa shoma dzinokosha:
1. Kuumbwa kwechinyorwa: Derrida akati zvese zvinogona kuverengwa sechinyorwa, kubva mumabhuku kusvika kumagariro evanhu. Muchirevo ichi, "chinyorwa" hachirevi kungotaura kana kunyora asi chinosanganisira chero hurongwa hwezviratidzo nezviratidzo.
2. Musiyano: Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoitwa naDerrida ipfungwa ye "musiyano," mutambo wemashoko echiFrench ekuti "kusiyana" uye "kudzivisa." Akashandisa izwi iri kuratidza kuti zvinoreva zvinogara zvichinonoka sei mumutauro uye hazvimbofi zvakakwana kana kuti zviripo. Musiyano unobatanidza pfungwa yekuti mazwi anowana zvaanoreva kuburikidza nekusiyana kwawo nemamwe mazwi, uye zvaanoreva zvinogara zvichichinja-chinja.
3. Logocentrism neFonocentrism: Derrida akatsoropodza tsika dzepfungwa dzekuMadokero nekuda kwe "logocentrism" yavo, iyo inopa mukana wekutaura pane kunyora senzira dzekutaurirana dzakananga uye dzechokwadi. Mukuona kwake, rusaruro urwu runofuratira kuoma uye kusanzwisisika kuri muzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa uye kusagadzikana kwezvinoreva mumutauro.
4. Kupikisa kweBinary: Derrida akataura kuti pfungwa dzekuMadokero dzinovimba nekupikisa kweBinary, pfungwa mbiri dzinopikisa dzakadai sezvakanaka/zvakaipa, kutaura/kunyora, uye kuvapo/kusavapo. Kuparadza kunotsvaga kutsausa idzi binary, zvichiratidza kuti izwi rega rega harigone kuvapo pasina zvinopesana naro uye kuti harina kujeka sezvaifungidzirwa kare.
5. Aporia: Kuparadzana kunowanzo svika panguva dzekusagadzikana, mamiriro ekusagadzikana kana kusava nechokwadi. Nguva idzi dzinoratidza miganhu uye kupokana kwemukati kwemafungiro.
Mabasa Akakosha aDerrida
Mamwe emabasa aDerrida akakosha ndiwo anoumba hwaro hwekunzwisisa dzidziso dzake uye zvadzinoreva.
1. "Of Grammatology" (1967): Mubhuku iri rinokosha, Derrida anopikisa kukoshesa kwetsika kunopihwa kutaura kupfuura kunyora uye anoongorora kuti magwaro akanyorwa anokanganisa sei kufungidzira kwezvinoreva ipapo ipapo.
2. "Kunyora uye Kusiyana" (1967): Muunganidzwa uyu wezvinyorwa unotsanangura zvakadzama pfungwa dzakakosha pakuparadza, uchiongorora mabasa akasiyana-siyana emabhuku nefilosofi.
3. "Margins of Philosophy" (1982): Pano, Derrida anoongorora miganhu kana "margins" epfungwa dzefilosofi, achitsoropodza hwaro hwepfungwa dzeWestern metaphysics.
Kuparadzwa kwekuvaka uye Kutsoropodzwa kweMabhuku
Kuparadza magwaro kwave nepesvedzero huru mukutsoropodzwa kwemabhuku, zvichikurudzira nyanzvi kuti dziverengezve magwaro nenzira dzinoratidza kusawirirana kwemukati uye zvirevo zvakawanda. Kutsoropodzwa kwekubvisa magwaro kunovavarira:
1. Ratidza kuti magwaro anozviparadza sei nekuratidza kusawirirana uye kusanzwisisika.
2. Ratidza kusagadzikana kwezvinoreva pane kungobvuma kududzirwa kwacho kwakasimba.
3. Ongorora miganhu yechinyakare pakati pechinyorwa nemamiriro acho ezvinhu, mabhuku, uye kushoropodzwa kwacho.
Semuenzaniso, ongororo isina kujeka yebhuku raShakespeare rinonzi "Hamlet" inogona kutarisa kuti kuverenga kwakawanda kwechinyorwa kunokanganisa sei kubatana kuri pachena kwemisoro nevatambi varo.
Kuparadza uye Kugadzirisa Zvivakwa Mushure meKuvaka
Kuparadza kunowanzoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha che post-structuralism, kufamba kwakabuda semhinduro yekupikisa kutsvaga kwe structuralism mitemo yepasi rose. Vanyori ve post-structuralists, kusanganisira Derrida, vanosimbisa kujeka kwezvinoreva uye hunhu hunoenderana neruzivo rwevanhu. Vanoti maumbirwo, angave emitauro, tsika, kana magariro, haachinji asi anogona kuchinja uye kududzirwa patsva.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Gakava
Kunyange hazvo kuparadzwa kweDerrida kwave nemasimba makuru, kwakasanganawo nekutsoropodzwa kukuru:
1. Kusazivikanwa uye Kupfupikiswa: Vatsoropodzi vanoti mutauro nepfungwa dze deconstruction hazvina kunyatsojeka uye hazvinyatsojeka, zvichiita kuti zviome kushandisa nemazvo.
2. Kusawirirana: Vamwe vanopomera kupatsanurwa kwechirevo kuti ndiko kunotungamira kukusawirirana kwakanyanyisa, uko kunonoka kusingaperi kwezvinoreva kunoita kuti chero chirevo kana rugwaro zvisave nechinhu zvachose.
3. Zvinoreva Tsika: Vamwe vanobvunza nezvezvinorehwa netsika dzekuparadza zvivakwa, vachitya kuti zvinokanganisa mukana wekuita zvisungo zvetsika kana zvematongerwo enyika.
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa uku, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti simba rekuvaka riri mukukwanisa kwayo kuvhura nzira itsva dzekuferefeta uye kuramba kwayo kurerutsa nyaya dzakaoma.
Kuparadza Munyika Yanhasi
Nhasi uno, kuputsa chivakwa kunoramba kuchikanganisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pamutemo nedzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika kusvika kuzvidzidzo zvekuvaka netsika. Maitiro ayo ekunzwisisa magwaro nezvirevo anotinetsa kufunga patsva nezvekugadzikana uye kufanana kwemasisitimu akasiyana-siyana. Kusimbirira kwaDerrida pakududzira kunofamba-famba uye kwakasimba kunokoka vafungi vemazuva ano kuti varambe vakangwarira nezvekuoma uye kusanzwisisika kuripo mumarudzi ese ekutaurirana nekunzwisisa.
mhedziso
Derrida ne deconstruction zvakachinja maitiro edu ekunyora, zvazvinoreva, uye dudziro. Nekupikisa fungidziro dzechinyakare pamusoro pemutauro nepfungwa, Derrida akavhura nzvimbo yekubvunza nekukanganisa zvirevo zvakagadzika uye zvinopesana zviviri. Deconstruction haisi yekuparadza maumbirwo asi ndeyekufumura zvikamu zvezvinoreva zviri mukati mazvo, zvichitikurudzira kuti tizive hunhu hwekunzwisisa hunochinja-chinja. Saka, inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba chekuongorora nekuongorora mukutsvaga kwedu kunzwisisa nyika yakatipoteredza.
