Kutsoropodzwa kweHumanism nePoststructuralism
Humanism, sangano repfungwa rakabuda panguva yeRenaissance, rinoisa vanhu pakati pezvinhu zvose, richivaita sevanhu vane pfungwa, vanozvitonga vega vanokwanisa kuumba ramangwana ravo kuburikidza nekufunga nerusununguko. Rinosimbisa chiremera, kukosha, uye simba remunhu. Poststructuralism, iyo yakatanga muchimiro chekutsoropodza structuralism pakati pezana remakore rechi20, inopa kuongororwa kwakasimba kwefungidziro idzi dzehumanism. Vafungi vakaita saMichel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, naGilles Deleuze vakapikisa pfungwa dzekutanga dzehumanism, vachiparadza nzvimbo dzayo uye vachiratidza kuomarara uye kupokana kuri mukati mayo.
Humanism inomiririra munhu akasimba, akabatana uyo aripo asati awana simba revanhu, zvichiratidza kuti vanhu vane hunhu hwekuzvarwa nahwo hunogona kuwanikwa uye kuratidzwa. Vaongorori vePoststructuralists vanopikisa pfungwa iyi yeessentialist, vachiti munhu iyeye ipfungwa inopesvedzerwa nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana evanhu, tsika, mitauro, uye nhoroondo. Pfungwa yaMichel Foucault ye "subjectivity" ine basa rakakosha pano. Foucault anoti vanhu vanogadzirwa nehurukuro dzakasiyana-siyana uye maumbirwo esimba anotonga tsika, maitiro, uye hunhu. Pane kuva vamiririri vanozvimirira, vanhu vanobatanidzwa zvakanyanya mukati uye vanoumbwa nehurukuro idzi. Nokudaro, maonero evanhu emunhu pachake semunhu akazvimiririra, ane pfungwa, maererano nepoststructuralism, ifungidziro yepfungwa.
Kutsoropodza kwaJacques Derrida pamusoro pekuvapo uye logocentrism kunopikisa kuvimba kwehumanism nepfungwa uye zvinoreva zvakagadzikana. Derrida anotaura kuti mutauro hauna kugadzikana uye zvinoreva zvinogara zvichinonoka, pfungwa yaanoti "musiyano." Izvi zvinokanganisa pfungwa yehumanism yekuti mutauro unogona kumirira chokwadi uye ruzivo rwevanhu pachena. Kune vanotenda muhumanism, mutauro chishandiso chekutaurirana uye kutaura chokwadi chepasi rose. Zvisinei, Derrida anoratidza kuti mutauro iwebhusaiti yakaoma yezviratidzo inogara ichitaura nezvezvimwe zviratidzo, isina nzvimbo yakatarwa yekubva. Saka, kutsvaga chirevo chakagadzikana, chakabatana kana chinhu mukati memutauro hakuna maturo.
Gilles Deleuze, pamwe chete naFélix Guattari, vanotanga kubvisa zvachose humanism subjectivity mumabasa avo akadai se "A Thousand Plateaus." Vanoisa pfungwa ye "rhizome," network isiri yehutongi, isina pakati nepakati inopesana zvakanyanya nemuenzaniso wehumanism wemunhu akabatana, ari pakati. Mumaonero e rhizomatic, hunhu nezvirevo zvinoshanduka-shanduka, zvakakamurwa, uye zvakabatana, zvichiramba pfungwa yenyaya imwe chete, yakagadzikana. Kufunga uku kunoenderana nepfungwa ye poststructural yekuti vanhu nezvavanosangana nazvo hazvigone kuderedzwa kuita zvinhu zvakagadzikana kana chokwadi chepasi rose.
Uyezve, poststructuralism inotsoropodza kusimbiswa kwehumanism panhoroondo dzepasi rose nedzidziso huru. Humanism inowanzotsigira meta-narratives dzinoti dzinopa tsananguro yakazara yenhoroondo yevanhu neruzivo rwavo. Jean-François Lyotard, mubhuku rake rine simba rinonzi "The Postmodern Condition," anotsanangura kuti nyaya idzi huru dzakarasikirwa sei nekuvimbika kwadzo munguva ye postmodern. Anotaura kuti kusiyana-siyana uye kuwanda kwezviitiko kunoita kuti tsananguro idzi huru dzisakwane uye dzidzvinyirire. Saka, poststructuralism inofarira midiki-diki uye kunzwisisa kwenzvimbo, ichisimbisa kukosha kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuwanda kwemaonero.
Kutsoropodzwa uku kunosvika pahunhu hwemunhu nezvematongerwo enyika. Hunhu hwemunhu hunoti hunotsigira kodzero nerusununguko rwemunhu, asi vanoongorora mafambiro ezvinhu vanoti pfungwa idzi dziri mukati memasimba nekutonga. Kuongorora kwaFoucault nezve biopolitics nesimba rekuranga kunoratidza kuti nzanga dzemazuva ano dzinotonga sei vanhu kuburikidza nemasangano akadai semajeri, zvipatara, nezvikoro. Masangano aya anoti anotsigira tsika dzehunhu dzekunzwisisa, kufambira mberi, uye kuzvitonga asi achishanda senzira dzekutarisa nekuita kuti zvinhu zvienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu. Saka pfungwa dzehunhu dzinova dzakaoma mumasimba chaiwo avanoti vanotsvaga kupikisa.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakutsoropodzwa kwe poststructuralism ndechekubvisa kwayo ma binary uye hierarchies zviri mukufunga kwevanhu. Humanism inowanzovimba nekupikisa kwe dualistic senge chikonzero/manzwiro, tsika/zvisikwa, uye kuzvida/zvimwe, izwi rekutanga mupair yega yega richiva neropafadzo kupfuura rechipiri. Kubvisa kwaDerrida kunoratidza kuti ma binary aya akavakwa uye anochengetwa sei, zvichiratidza kuti haasi echisikigo kana kuti anozviratidza ega asi zvibereko zvetsika netsika dzepfungwa. Nekukanganisa ma hierarchies aya, poststructuralism inovhura nzvimbo yenzira dzakasiyana dzekufunga dzinoramba kupatsanurwa kuri nyore uye dzinogamuchira kuomarara uye kusanzwisisika.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zve poststructuralism ndechekusimbisa kwayo hukama uye simba rehunhu uye zvinoreva. Pane kuona hunhu sechinhu chakapihwa kare, ve poststructuralists vanohunzwisisa semhedzisiro yekudyidzana uye hukama mukati memamiriro ezvinhu enhoroondo netsika. Maonero aya anoonekwa mubasa raJudith Butler repamusoro-soro rekuita kwepabonde. Vachishandisa kubva kuna Foucault naDerrida, Butler anotaura kuti hunhu hwepabonde hausi hunhu hwekuzvarwa nahwo asi seti yezviito zvinodzokororwa uye zviito zvinoumba hunhu nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinopikisa fungidziro yehunhu yemapoka akagadzikana, echisikigo ekuzivikanwa.
Mudzidzo, zvinorehwa nekutsoropodzwa kwehumanism ne poststructuralism zvakadzama. Masisitimu edzidzo echinyakare, akavakirwa pamisimboti yehumanism, anosimbisa kutapurirana kweruzivo rwakagadzika uye kukura kwevanhu vane pfungwa dzakapinza, vanozvitonga. Zvisinei, vanoongorora poststructuralists vanotsigira nzira dzinoziva hunhu hweruzivo nehunhu hwakavakirwa pamwe chete. Maitiro edzidzo anotungamirwa ne poststructuralism anotungamira kufunga kwakadzama, kubvunza mitemo yakagadzwa, uye kutsvaga maonero akasiyana-siyana.
Mukupedzisa, kuongorora humanism kwe poststructuralism kunopa kufunga patsva pfungwa huru dzakadai sekuzivikanwa, mutauro, simba, uye ruzivo. Nekupikisa maitiro ehumanism echokwadi uye kuita kuti vanhu vose vafarire, vafungi ve poststructuralism vanojekesa kuoma, kusanzwisisika, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinoratidza kuvapo kwevanhu. Kuongorora uku kunosimbisa kukosha kwekuongorora mamiriro emagariro evanhu uye simba rinoumba kunzwisisa kwedu isu pachedu nenyika. Kunyange zvazvo kuchibvisa chokwadi chinonyaradza chinopiwa nehumanism, poststructuralism inovhura mikana mitsva yekufunga uye kuvapo, ichitikoka kuti tigamuchire hunhu hunoshanduka-shanduka, hukama, uye hunoenderana nehupenyu hwedu.
