Uzivi hwaJean-Paul Sartre hweExistentialist: Kuongorora Kwakadzama
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), muzivi weFrance ane hunhu hwechizvino-zvino, munyori wemitambo, uye munyori wemabhuku, akapesvedzera zvikuru pfungwa dzemuzana remakore rechi20. Huzivi hwaSartre hwehunhu hwechizvino-zvino hunotenderera papfungwa dzerusununguko, mutoro, uye kuvaka zvinoreva zvinhu zvakasikwa zvisingaonekwe sezvisina chinangwa. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa zvakadzama dzidziso huru dzeSartrean existentialism uye chinotsanangura simba guru razvino uno pahuzivi hwemazuva ano nekunzwisisa kwevanhu.
Pfungwa huru: Kuvapo Kunotangira Chinhu Chinokosha
Pfungwa huru yaSartre yekuvapo kwehupenyu inosanganisirwa mumutsara unoti "kuvapo kunotangira essence." Pfungwa iyi inopikisa maonero echinyakare emetaphysical anotsigira kuvapo kwehunhu hwakakosha kana chinangwa chakatarwa kare nehurongwa hweumwari kana hwechisikigo. Sekureva kwaSartre, vanhu havaberekwi vaine essence yakatsanangurwa; Asi, vanotanga kuvapo uye vanozogadzira essence yavo kuburikidza nezviito nesarudzo.
Mubhuku raSartre guru rinonzi “Being and Nothingness” (1943), anotaura kuti vanhu vakatongerwa rusununguko, zvichireva kuti kana pasina musiki, vanhu ndivo vane mutoro wezviito zvavo. Kusundidzira uku kurusununguko rwakanyanya kunoisa mutoro kuvanhu kuti vafambe muhupenyu hwavo vasina tsika dzakatarwa kana tsika dzenzanga.
Rusununguko uye Mutoro
Pakati peSartrean existentialism pane kusanganiswa kwakajeka pakati perusununguko nekuzvidavirira. Kuna Sartre, rusununguko harusi kungogona kusarudza pakati pezvimwe zvinhu asi chinhu chikuru chekuvapo kwevanhu. Zvisinei, rusununguko urwu rwunokonzerawo kunetseka kukuru uye kutya kwehupenyu, sezvo ruchitarisana nevanhu nehuremu hwemutoro wesarudzo dzavo uye mukana wekusingaperi wekukundikana.
Sartre anotsanangura izvi nepfungwa ye "kutenda kwakaipa," mamiriro ezvinhu umo munhu anozvinyengera kuti atize marwadzo erusununguko. Munhu ane kutenda kwakaipa anogona kunyatsotevedzera mabasa enzanga kana zvinotarisirwa kunze, nokudaro achisiya hunhu hwake hwechokwadi. Kutsoropodza kwaSartre pamusoro pekutenda kwakaipa kunosimbisa kudanwa kwevanotsigira kuvapo kwechokwadi, uko kunosanganisira kubvuma rusununguko rwemunhu uye kugamuchira mutoro wemunhu wega wekuumba hupenyu hwake.
Kusava Nechinhu uye Mamiriro Evanhu
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha muSartrean existentialism ipfungwa yekuti "kusava nechinhu" (néant) nebasa rayo mumamiriro evanhu. Mu "Kuvapo uye Kusava Nechinhu," Sartre anosiyanisa pakati pekuvapo-mukati-kwako (l'être-en-soi), kuvapo kusingadzoreki kwezvinhu, uye kuvapo-kwako (l'être-pour-soi), kuvapo kwevanhu vanoziva uye vanoziva ivo pachavo.
Munhu anozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwake kuramba kuvapo, kana kuti kugona kufungidzira, kuronga, uye kuita zvinopfuura chokwadi chiripo. Izvi zvinounza mamiriro ekusagadzikana uye kusakwana, sezvo vanhu vanoramba vachiedza kupfuura mamiriro avo azvino kuenda kune mikana mitsva. Kuongorora kwaSartre kwekusavapo kunotaurawo nezvepfungwa ye "chitarisiko" (kutarira) kweMumwe, uko munhu anoziva kusakosha kwake nekutarisa kwemumwe, zvichitungamira mukuziva kwehunhu hwake uye kusawirirana pakati pake nevamwe.
Kutendeseka uye Kuzvinyengera
Kutendeseka muSartrean existenceism kunosanganisira kutarisana kwechokwadi nerusununguko rwemunhu uye kusava nepfungwa kwehupenyu. Sartre anotsigira kuti vanhu vaite zvinoenderana netsika dzavo nezvitendero zvavo, pane kukundwa nekumanikidzwa kwekunze kana mirairo yenharaunda. Kutendeseka uku kwehupenyu kunosiyana zvakanyanya nekuzvinyengera, uko vanhu vanoramba rusununguko rwavo nebasa ravo, nokudaro vachirarama vasina chokwadi.
Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Existentialism is a Humanism" (1946), Sartre anopindura vatsoropodzi nekutaura kuti existentialism, inowanzopomerwa mhosva yekukurudzira kuora mwoyo kana kuti moral relativism, inotokurudzira vanhu kuti vazive zvavanokwanisa kuburikidza nekuita nemaune. Nekugamuchira rusununguko nebasa, vanhu vanoisa hupenyu hwavo nechinangwa, kunyangwe munyika isina hanya uye isina rugare.
Simba paMabhuku neUnyanzvi
Pfungwa dzaSartre dzekuti munhu ane hunyanzvi hwekuita zvinhu (existentialist) dzakaratidzwa zvakanyanya mumabhuku ake ekunyora uye dzakakanganisa zvakanyanya mabhuku nehunyanzvi. Mitambo yake, yakaita se "No Exit" (1944) uye "The Flies" (1943), inoratidza dingindira rekuti munhu ane rusununguko, sarudzo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu. Mu "No Exit," mutsetse unozivikanwa wekuti "Hell is other people" unosanganisira kuongorora kuti munhu ane hunyanzvi hwekuita zvinhu (existentialist) ndeupi kana tichienzanisa nevamwe.
Pfungwa dzaSartre dzehuzivi dzakapesvedzerawo mafambiro evanotsigira huzivi hwemazuva ekupedzisira mushure mehondo mumabhuku, kunyanya mabasa aAlbert Camus, Samuel Beckett, naSimone de Beauvoir. De Beauvoir, mumwe wevanotsigira huzivi hwemazuva ekupedzisira uye shamwari yaSartre yehupenyu hwake hwese, akawedzera dingindira rekuti huzivi hwemadzimai, kunyanya mubasa rake guru rinonzi "The Second Sex" (1949).
Kukosha uye Nhaka
Pfungwa yaSartre yekuvapo kwezvinhu ichiri kukosha muhurukuro dzemazuva ano, ichipa ruzivo pamusoro pemamiriro evanhu munguva ino ine kusava nechokwadi uye shanduko dzinokurumidza. Nheyo dzerusununguko, mutoro, uye chokwadi dzinoshanda zvakanyanya munyika iri kurwisana nematambudziko ehupenyu akadai sekuora kwezvakatipoteredza, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye shanduko yetekinoroji.
Kusimbisa kweSartrean existentialism pakuva munhu chaiye uye kuvaka zvinorehwa zvinopa hurongwa hwekufamba nematambudziko ehupenyu hwemazuva ano. Nekukurudzira vanhu kuti vatarisane nechinhu chisina chinhu neushingi uye nekugadzira, huzivi hwaSartre hunoramba huchikurudzira vafungi, vanyori, nevanhuwo zvavo kuti vatsvake chinangwa nekuvimbika muchokwadi chinowanzo vhiringidza.
mhedziso
Pfungwa dzaJean-Paul Sartre dzekuti munhu ane hunyanzvi hwekuita zvinhu (existentialist) dzinoongorora zvine simba hunhu hwemunhu, dzichisimbisa rusununguko rwakakura uye mutoro wakakura unotsanangura mamiriro evanhu. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwake kuvapo, kusavapo, uye chokwadi, Sartre anoedza vanhu kuti vagadzire hunhu hwavo kuburikidza nekuita nemaune. Simba rake pamabhuku, uzivi, uye hunyanzvi rinoramba riripo, zvichiita kuti hunhu hwaSartre hwekuita zvinhu huve mubvunzo unokosha uye unokurudzira kufunga kuti zvinorevei kuva munhu.
