Dzidziso yaAristotle yeMufaro Mufaro inyaya inowanzoonekwa muhurukuro dzevanhu: vanhu vanoitevera kuburikidza nemabasa, hukama, pfuma, kuzivikanwa, kana zviitiko zvinonakidza. Zvisinei, muzivi wekare wechiGiriki Aristotle (384–322 BC) anotikoka kuti tibvunze mubvunzo unokosha: chii chaizvo chinonzi mufaro, uye tinofanira kurarama sei kuti tiuwane? Mubhuku rake guru, Nicomachean Ethics, … Verenga zvakawanda
Kant nedzidziso yeA Priori yeruzivo Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) ane chinzvimbo chakakosha munhoroondo yeuzivi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya kana zvasvika pakukurukura kuti ruzivo rwevanhu runogoneka sei uye kuti miganhu yarwo ndeipi. Mubasa rake guru, Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787), Kant akatanga "chimurenga" munzira iyo uzivi hunonzwisisa hukama huripo pakati penyaya (munhu) ne… Verenga zvakawanda
Kutsoropodzwa kwaNietzsche kweChitendero Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) anozivikanwa semumwe wevazivi vanomutsa hasha munhoroondo yemafungiro ekuMadokero. Haana kungotsoropodza chitendero senzvimbo yemagariro evanhu chete, asiwo akapikisa nheyo dzetsika, dzepfungwa, uye dzepfungwa, idzo, akataura, dzakatsigira maitiro anoita vanhu chitendero—kunyanya mutsika dzechiKristu dzekuEurope. Kutsoropodzwa kwaNietzsche kwechitendero kunowanzopfupikiswa zvisina musoro sekuti "Nietzsche anovenga Mwari," ... Verenga zvakawanda
Uzivi hwaKarl Marx hweKunyanya Kuda Zvinhu Zvakaitika Kuda zvinhu zvakaitika kare ndeimwe yemipiro yaKarl Marx ine simba guru mukunzwisisa nzanga nekuchinja kwenhoroondo. Kuburikidza nenzira iyi, Marx akaedza kutsanangura kuti midzi mikuru yebudiriro yenharaunda haisi pfungwa dzisina kujeka, tsika, kana kuda kwevanhu vakuru, asi mamiriro ezvinhu epanyika: kuti vanhu vanogadzira sei zvinodiwa zvavo, kuti basa rinorongwa sei, uye kuti mhedzisiro yacho… Verenga zvakawanda
Plato neDzidziso yeMafomu ePfungwa Plato (c. 427–347 BC) mumwe wevazivi vakuru munhoroondo yemafungiro ekuMadokero. Akararama munguva yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye shanduko munharaunda muGreece Yekare, kunyanya mushure meHondo yePeloponnesian iyo yakaderedza simba reAthens. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, Plato akafungisisa mibvunzo inokosha: Chii chinonzi kururamisira? Tingaziva sei chero chinhu nechivimbo? Sei… Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso Yepfungwa Yeruzivo Munhoroondo yeuzivi, mubvunzo wekuti vanhu vanoziva sei wagara uri pakati pemakakatanwa. Ruzivo runobva kupi? Rwakavimbika zvakadini? Chokwadi chinosarudzwa neruzivo rwepfungwa here, kana nekugona kufunga? Pakati pemhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzinopihwa, dzidziso yepfungwa yeruzivo—kana kuti rationalism—ine chinzvimbo chakakosha. Dzidziso iyi inosimbisa kuti chitubu… Verenga zvakawanda
Uzivi Hwechisikigo uye Pfungwa Yechokwadi Uzivi hwechisikigo ndeimwe yemapazi ekare ekufunga kwevanhu. Kare kare izwi rekuti "sainzi" risati rashandiswa muchirevo charo chemazuva ano, vafungi muGreece, India, China, nedzimwe tsika vakanga vava kutobvunza mibvunzo inokosha: chii chinonzi zvisikwa, chii chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvese, nei shanduko ichiitika, uye kana chokwadi chatinosangana nacho chiri... Verenga zvakawanda
Mipiro yaMartin Heidegger kuUzivi Hwehupenyu Hwako Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru vezana remakore rechi20. Zita rake rinowanzobatanidzwa neuzivi hwehupenyu, kunyangwe iye pachake aisagara akasununguka kunzi "muzivi wehupenyu hwekare" nenzira imwecheteyo naJean-Paul Sartre kana Albert Camus. Mupiro waHeidegger uri mukuvandudza zvakanyanya nzira iyo uzivi hunonzwisisa kuva… Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso yaAristotle yeMaitiro Akanaka Dzidziso yaAristotle yetsika dzakanaka ndeimwe yepfungwa dzine simba guru munhoroondo yehuzivi hwetsika. Kusiyana nenzira dzetsika dzinotonga zviito chete nemhedzisiro yazvo (senge utilitarianism) kana nekutevedzera mitemo (senge deontology), Aristotle anonyanya kutarisa pakuumbwa kwehunhu. Mubvunzo wake mukuru hausi wekungoti "Ndinofanira kuitei?" asi pane... Verenga zvakawanda
Kusava Nehanya uye Kusava Nechinhu Munyika inokurumidza—yakazara neruzivo, zvinodiwa kuti munhu abudirire, uye mwero wekubudirira unogara uchichinja—vanhu vazhinji vanonzwa chimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisike: hupenyu hunoenderera mberi, asi hunoita sehusina gwara rakajeka. Kubudirira mushure mekubudirira kunogona kuwanikwa, hukama hwevanhu hunoramba huripo, uye kunyange varaidzo inowanikwa zvisingaperi, asi pasi pezvose izvi pane kunzwa kwe "kusava nechinhu" kwakaoma... Verenga zvakawanda