Kutsoropodzwa kwaNietzsche kwechitendero
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) anozivikanwa semumwe wevazivi vanonyanya kutsamwisa vanhu munhoroondo yemafungiro ekuMadokero. Haana kungotsoropodza chitendero senzvimbo yemagariro evanhu, asi akapikisawo nheyo dzetsika, dzepfungwa, uye dzepfungwa dzaaitenda kuti ndidzo dzaitsigira maitiro evanhu echitendero—kunyanya mutsika dzechiKristu dzemuEurope. Kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche chitendero kunowanzo tsanangurwa zvisina musoro sekuti "Nietzsche anovenga Mwari," asi chaairwisa chaizvo chaive rudzi rwakati rwechitendero: chitendero chinoramba hupenyu, chinokoshesa kurega basa, uye chinovaka tsika pamusoro pemhosva nekutya. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kukosha kwekuongorora kwaNietzsche chitendero, zvikonzero zviri shure kwacho, uye zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa kwazvino kwetsika nevanhu.
1. "Mwari afa": chirwere chepfungwa, kwete sirogani
Mashoko aNietzsche anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeekuti "Mwari afa," kunyanya mu *The Gay Science* uye *Thus Spoke Zarathustra*. Mashoko aya anowanzo nzwisiswa zvisina kunaka sekuzivisa kusatenda muna Mwari. Kuna Nietzsche, "rufu rwaMwari" ipfungwa yetsika: simba rechitendero nekutenda kwemweya, zvaimbova chinhu chikuru chezvinoreva hupenyu, zvakaparara pasi pesimba remazuva ano—sainzi, kutsoropodzwa kwenhoroondo, kufungidzira, uye shanduko munharaunda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vazhinji vachiri kushandisa mutauro wetsika netsika dzechitendero, asi hwaro hwezvitendero zvavo hahuchanyatsogutsa.
Mugumisiro we "rufu rwaMwari" hausi rusununguko rwakajeka, asi dambudziko rezvinoreva. Kana Mwari—semupi wechokwadi, chinangwa, uye tsika—asingachatendi zvechokwadi, vanhu vanotarisana nepfungwa yekuti hupenyu hahuna chinangwa chaicho. Nietzsche akaona pfungwa yekuti hapana chinangwa senjodzi uye mukana. Njodzi ndeyekuti vanhu vanogona kuwira mukusava nehanya uye kurega; mukana ndewekuti vanhu vanogona kugadzira tsika itsva, dzinotsigira hupenyu.
2. Chitendero sechiratidzo chepfungwa: kutya, kushaya simba, uye kutiza
Nietzsche akaverenga chitendero kwete sedzidziso chete, asi sechiitiko chepfungwa. Muzvinyorwa zvake zvakawanda, akataura kuti chitendero chakabva pakudiwa kwevanhu kwekudzivirirwa, chokwadi, uye nyaradzo. Kana vanhu vachinzwa vasina dziviriro mukutambura, kusava nechokwadi, uye rufu, chitendero chinopa nyaya inonyaradza: kune hurongwa hwaMwari, kune kururamisira kwenyika, uye kune hupenyu mushure merufu. Kuna Nietzsche, dambudziko harisi rekungoti nyaya idzi dzingave dzenhema, asi kuti dzinowanzo shanda senzira yekutiza kubva muchokwadi chehupenyu.
Pane kutarisana nekutambura sechinhu chechisikigo, mamwe machechi anoshandura kutambura kuita "kukosha" kukuru: vatsvene ndivo vanotambura zvakanyanya uye ndivo vanoteerera zvakanyanya. Nietzsche akaramba pfungwa iyi nekuti, maererano naye, inoshandura vanhu kuita zvisikwa zvinotya hupenyu uye zvisingade kukura. Akadana tsika iyi kuti "kuvenga nyika" kana kuti mafungiro ekupikisa hupenyu: nyika chaiyo inokosheswa pasi, nepo "imwe nyika" (denga, hupenyu hwepashure, nzvimbo inopfuura dzose) ichionekwa seinokosha zvikuru.
3. Hunhu hwevaranda uye kutendeuka kwetsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha pakutsoropodza kwaNietzsche chitendero ndechekuongorora kwake tsika, kunyanya mubhuku rake rinonzi On the Genealogy of Morality. Anosiyanisa maitiro maviri etsika: tsika huru netsika dzevaranda.
- Hunhu hwako hunobuda murudzi rwemunhu akasimba, ane chivimbo, uye ane hunyanzvi. "Zvakanaka" kwavari zvinoreva munhu ane hunhu hwakanaka, ane ushingi, ane simba, uye ane chiremera.
- Hunhu hwevaranda hunobva kumapoka asina simba kana akadzvinyirirwa, asingakwanise kuratidza simba zvakananga. Vanokudziridza tsika dzinopesana: "zvakanaka" zvinoreva kuzvininipisa, kuteerera, kusava nehasha, uye kusarayira; nepo "zvakaipa" zvichibatanidzwa nesimba, kutonga, uye ushingi.
Nietzsche akataura kuti chitendero (kunyanya chiKristu chekuEurope) chinosimbisa tsika dzevaranda kuburikidza nezvaakati kusada—kuvenga vasina simba vachipesana nevane simba. Kana vasingakwanise kutsiva zvinobudirira, kusada uku kunopfuudzwa kuburikidza nekudzoserwa kwetsika: simba rinonyorwa sechivi, kusasimba kunonyorwa sehunhu hwakanaka. Muchirongwa ichi, vane simba vanonzwa vaine mhosva, nepo vasina simba vachipiwa hunhu hwepamusoro. Kutsoropodza uku hakurevi kuti Nietzsche anorumbidza hutsinye, asi kuti anoramba tsika dzakaberekwa nemaitiro ekutsiva uye anovenga hupenyu.
4. Kuzvinyima uye pfungwa ye "kuzviramba"
Nietzsche akatsoropodzawo pfungwa yekuzvinyima—pfungwa yekuti kuzvipira kunosanganisira kudzvinyirira zvishuwo, kudzora muviri, uye "kuuraya" zvishuwo zvehupenyu. Akaona pfungwa yekuzvinyima senzira yekupa zvinoreva kutambura: kana hupenyu huchirwadza, saka kutambura kunoonekwa senzira yemweya yekuenda kuruponeso.
Dambudziko nderekuti, kuna Nietzsche, pfungwa yekusazvibata inowanzoita kuti munhu azvirambe zvakanyanya. Muviri nepfungwa dzinoonekwa sedzisina kuchena, zvepabonde zvinoonekwa sechitubu chechivi, uye mufaro wenyika unofungirwa. Nietzsche anoona izvi serudzi rweruvengo kuhupenyu: vanhu vanodzidziswa kunzwa vaine mhosva pamusoro pezvinhu zviri chikamu chechisikigo chehupenyu.
Uyezve, akaona kuzvinyima senzira yakavanzika ye "kuda kuva nesimba." Munhu wechitendero aigona kuwana simba nekuva muchengeti wetsika, achiona kuti ndiani mutsvene uye ndiani ane chivi. Saka, kunamata kwaigona kuva nzira yemagariro evanhu yekudzora vanhu kuburikidza nemhosva.
5. Chitendero, chokwadi, uye "nhema dzinobatsira"
Kuna Nietzsche, chitendero chakabatanidzwawo nemubvunzo wechokwadi. Aive asina chokwadi nezvezvinotaurwa nechitendero kuti ndezvechokwadi chose, sezvo izvi zvinotaurwa zvichiwanzo shanda kuronga nzanga uye kuchengetedza tsika dzakati. Mumaonero aNietzsche, vanhu havawanzo tsvaga chokwadi nekuda kwechokwadi; vanowanzo tsvaga zvitendero zvinoita kuti hupenyu huve nyore kutsungirira.
Asi Nietzsche akanga asiri kungo "pesana nechokwadi." Akatsoropodza nzira iyo chitendero chinoita kuti chokwadi chive chishandiso chesimba: dzidziso inopiwa chinzvimbo chitsvene, zvichiita kuti zviome kubvunza. Kana kubvunza kuchionekwa sechivi, uzivi nesainzi zvinoonekwa sekutyisidzira, uye rusununguko rwekufunga runoderedzwa. Kuna Nietzsche, izvi zvinotadzisa kukura kwevanhu sezvisikwa zvinoshinga kutonga nekusika.
6. Chii chinotsiva chitendero? Übermensch uye kugadzirwa kwetsika
Kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche hakugumiri pakuburitsa pachena; anopawo gwara: vanhu vanofanira kuva vagadziri vezvinhu zvinokosha. Chimiro chake chekufananidzira ndiÜbermensch (chinowanzo shandurwa se "superman" kana "superhuman"). Übermensch haisi rudzi rwakati kana kuti munhu ane simba rezvisikwa, asi rudzi rwemunhu asingachavimbi nesimba rinopfuura revamwe kuti awane chinangwa chehupenyu, asi anotsunga kusimbisa hupenyu—kusanganisira kutambura—sechimwe chinhu chinogona kushandurwa kuva simba.
Apa ndipo panobuda pfungwa yerudo rwekufanotaura (rudo rwekufanotaura): kugamuchira hupenyu sezvahuri uye kutoda chokwadi, pane kutiza kuenda kune imwe nyika. Nietzsche anokurudzira kusimbiswa kwehupenyu, hunyanzvi, simba, uye ushingi hwekutarisana nekusava nerevo mushure mekuparara kwesimba retsika.
7. Kukosha uye gakava rekutsoropodzwa kwaNietzsche
Kutsoropodzwa kwaNietzsche kwakakosha nekuti hakungotauri nezvechitendero setsika chete, asiwo mafungiro anogona kubuda chero kupi: mune zvematongerwo enyika, tsika dzevanhu, kana tsika dzakakurumbira—kureva, tsika yekutsvaga "chokwadi chekupedzisira" chekuchengetedzwa kwepfungwa, uye tsika yekushandisa mhosva senzira yekudzora. Panguva imwe chete, kufunga kwaNietzsche kune gakavawo. Kuongorora kwake "vakasimba" ne "vasina simba" dzimwe nguva kunoonekwa sekurerutsa chokwadi chevanhu. Kutsoropodzwa kwake kwetsitsi kunowanzo nzwisiswa sechikonzero chemhirizhonga, kunyangwe Nietzsche achiverengwa nemazvo semuvengi wetsika dzinokudza kushaya simba uye dzinodzvinyirira simba.
Mhedziso
Kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche chitendero itsananguro yerudzi rwechitendero runoramba nyika, runokudza kutambura, uye runovaka tsika pamhosva nehasha. Kuna Nietzsche, "Mwari akafa" zvinoratidza dambudziko rezvinoreva mazuva ano uye kutanga kwemukana mutsva: vanhu vanogona kugadzira kukosha vasina kuvimba nesimba rinopfuura revamwe. Anodenha vanhu kuti vararame vakashinga, vakavimbika kune chokwadi, uye vasimbise hupenyu. Tingave tichibvumirana kana kusabvumirana, kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche kunotimanikidza kubvunza kuti: zvatinotenda zvinoita kuti hupenyu hurambe huripo here, kana kuti zvinohushayisa simba?
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuita rondedzero yechikoro (iri nyore), shanduro yedzidzo (ine zvirevo uye bhuku remabhuku), kana shanduro inoenzanisa Nietzsche naMarx/Freud se "vatenzi vatatu vefungidziro."
