Pfungwa yeRuramisiro Sekureva kwaPlato, Ruramisiro ndeimwe yenyaya dzakakosha muhuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika netsika dzekuMadokero, uye Plato ndiye munhu akaisa hwaro hwehurukuro yekare yepfungwa iyi. Mubhuku rake guru, Politeia (Republic), Plato anobvunza kwete chete kuti "chii chinonzi kururamisira?" asiwo kuti "sei vanhu vachifanira kuita zvakarurama?" uye "kururamisira kunogona sei kuwanikwa... Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa dzaGeorge Berkeley pamusoro peIdealism George Berkeley (1685–1753) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi hwemazuva ano. Anozivikanwa zvikuru nekugadzira chimiro chakasiyana cheidealism, chinowanzonzi immaterialism kana kuti subjective idealism. Mukuona kwaBerkeley, chokwadi chiri mupfungwa: zvatinodaidza kuti "zvinhu" hazvipo sezvinhu zvakazvimiririra... Verenga zvakawanda
Mipiro yaVoltaire kuUzivi Voltaire (1694–1778) aive mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru muEuropean Enlightenment. Zita rake chairo rainzi François-Marie Arouet, asi ainyanya kuzivikanwa nezita rekunyora rekuti "Voltaire," iro rakazova chiratidzo cheushingi hwepfungwa, kushoropodzwa kwakasimba kwesimba rinodzvinyirira, uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwekufunga. Kunyangwe Voltaire achiwanzonzi "muzivi wehurongwa" se... Verenga zvakawanda
Kunzwisisa Kufara Kwevanhu Mutsika Kufara kwevanhu ndeimwe yemashoko anonyanya kushandiswa pakutaura nezve "hupenyu hwakanaka," "kutsvaga mufaro," kana "kutsvaga mufaro." Mukukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva, kufara kwevanhu kunowanzonzwisiswa zvisina kunaka: zvakafanana nemararamiro ekutenga zvinhu, mapati, humbozha, uye mafungiro ekuti "chero bedzi uchifara". Zvisinei, muzvidzidzo zvefilosofi, kunyanya mutsika, kufara kwevanhu kune chirevo chakasiyana... Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa dzeUzivi dzaConfucius Pfungwa dzeUzivi dzaConfucius (Kongzi, 551–479 BC) ndeimwe yenhaka dzepfungwa dzine simba guru munhoroondo yeEast Asia. Akanga asiri munhu wedzidzo netsika chete, asiwo muumbi wemaonero ekuti vanhu vanofanira kurarama sei, hukama hwavo, uye kuvaka hukama hwakanaka. Mutsika dzeConfucian, uzivi haunzwisiswi sekufungidzira kusinganzwisisike, asi se… Verenga zvakawanda
Metaphysics neDzidziso yeKuvapo Metaphysics ibazi reuzivi rinobvunza mibvunzo yakakosha pamusoro pechokwadi: chii chiripo zvechokwadi, kuti chimwe chinhu chinogona "kuvapo sei," uye chii chinoita kuti chimwe chinhu chirambe chiripo sezvachiri nekufamba kwenguva. Kunyange zvazvo sainzi dzakanyanya dzakadai sefizikisi, biology, kana psychology dzichiwanzodzidza zvikamu zvepasi kuburikidza nekucherechedza nekuyedza, … Verenga zvakawanda
Rusununguko uye Kusarudza Zvine Chekuita Sekureva kwaSartre Mubvunzo wekuti vanhu vakasununguka zvechokwadi here kana kuti vanosarudzwa nezvinhu zvekunze ndeimwe yenharo dzekare muuzivi. Kune rumwe rutivi, chitendero chekusarudza zvinoitwa nevanhu chinobva mumutsara wezvikonzero nemhedzisiro: mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu, dzidzo, tsika, uye kunyange maumbirwo ehupfumi. Kune rumwe rutivi, pfungwa yerusununguko inoti… Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yeTheology muFiziyoroji Dzidziso yechitendero nefilosofi zvinowanzoonekwa senzvimbo mbiri dzinofamba pamwe chete asi dzichipesana. Dzidziso yechitendero inowanzonzwisiswa sekufungisisa zvine musoro pamusoro paMwari, kutenda, zvakazarurwa, uye hukama hwevanhu nehuMwari. Panguva iyi, uzivi iongororo yakakosha uye yakarongeka yechokwadi, ruzivo, tsika, uye zvinoreva hupenyu kuburikidza nekufunga. Kana … Verenga zvakawanda
Hume's Philosophy of Religion David Hume (1711–1776) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru mutsika yeEngland empiricism. Anozivikanwa nekusava nechokwadi kwake nezvezvakataurwa zvinopfuura ruzivo rwepfungwa uye nekuongorora kwake kwakajeka mashandiro anoita ruzivo rwevanhu. Muchirevo chechitendero, pfungwa dzaHume dzinowanzo verengwa sepfungwa yakakomba yepfungwa dzepfungwa dzine musoro dzekuvapo kwaMwari, kuzivikanwa kwe… Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso yaJohn Rawls yeRuramisiro Rwevanhu John Rawls (1921–2002) aive mumwe wevazivi vezvematongerwo enyika vane simba zvikuru muzana remakore rechi20. Basa rake, kunyanya A Theory of Justice (1971), rakamutsiridza tsika yehuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika, iyo yaimbove ichitongwa nenzira dzehupfumi dzeutility uye welfare. Rawls akapa nzira yekufunga nezveruramisiro rwevanhu iyo yaisangoverenga mufaro wese asi yakaronga… Verenga zvakawanda