Uzivi hwaAlbert Camus hweExistentialist Albert Camus (1913–1960) anowanzoiswa muhurukuro dzeexistentialism yemuzana remakore rechi20, pamwe chete naJean-Paul Sartre naSøren Kierkegaard. Zvisinei, Camus pachake akaramba zita rekuti "existentialist." Aifarira kunzi munhu anofunga zvisina musoro—maonero anobva muruzivo rwevanhu rwakakosha: chido chechinangwa, kurongeka, uye chinangwa, akatarisana nenyika isina hanya… Verenga zvakawanda
Kukosha kweUzivi muDzidzo Dzidzo haisi nyaya yekungotamisa ruzivo kubva kumudzidzisi kuenda kuvadzidzi. Inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha: sei vanhu vachidzidza, ndeapi maitiro anofanira kukudziridzwa, hunyanzvi hupi nehunhu hupi hunofanira kukudziridzwa, uye kuti maitiro ekudzidza anofanira kuenderera mberi sei. Mibvunzo iyi haigone kupindurwa nenzira dzekudzidzisa chete kana… Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso yeMarxist yePfungwa: Mukukurukurirana kwesainzi yemagariro evanhu nepfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, izwi rekuti ideology rinowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura kuti nzanga inonzwisisa sei nyika, inotonga zvakanaka nezvakaipa, uye inoruramisa kurongeka kwemagariro evanhu kuripo. Zvisinei, mutsika dzeMarxist, ideology haingonzwisiswi semuunganidzwa wepfungwa dzisina kwadzakarerekera kana "maonero enyika" akazvimirira. Ideology inonzwisiswa sechinhu chakabatana zvikuru... Verenga zvakawanda
Kutsoropodzwa kweUzivi kweVakadzi Uzivi hunowanzonzwisiswa sekuedza kwevanhu kutsvaga chokwadi chepasi rose: chii chinonzi ruzivo, tsika, kururamisira, uye hunhu hwevanhu. Zvisinei, kuzvimiririra kwevakadzi—sesangano repfungwa nezvematongerwo enyika rinosimudzira hukama hwesimba hwakavakirwa pavanhurume nevanhukadzi—kunomutsa mubvunzo wakanangana: wepasi rose kunaani? Kutsoropodzwa kweuzivi kwevakadzi hakungopomeri "vazivi vechirume" vekare, asi kunoongorora kuti tsika dzeuzivi, … Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yaMwari muUzivi Pfungwa yaMwari muUzivi ndeimwe yenyaya dzekare uye dzakakosha munhoroondo yekufunga kwevanhu. Mibvunzo inoti "Mwari ariko here kana kuti kwete?", "Kana zvakadaro, chii chiri hunhu hwake?", uye "Vanhu vangaziva sei Mwari?" yakapesvedzera mavambo ezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zveuzivi, kubva kuGreece Yekare kusvika kuhuzivi hwemazuva ano. Kusiyana nedzidziso dzechitendero, idzo... Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yeChokwadi Sekureva kwaSocrates Socrates (469–399 BC) mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi hwekuMadokero. Kunyangwe asina kusiya mabasa akanyorwa, pfungwa dzake dzinogona kurondwa kuburikidza nemabasa evadzidzi vake, kunyanya Plato naXenophon, pamwe nekutsoropodzwa uye kuratidzwa kwaAristophanes. Pakati penhaka yepfungwa dzaSocrates, kutarisisa mubvunzo wekuti "chokwadi chii?" ndiko kwakakosha. Kuna Socrates, … Verenga zvakawanda
Kuenzanisa kwaKant naHegel: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) naGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) vanhu vaviri vakuru mutsika dzemazuva ano dzeuzivi hweGerman. Vose vakatsvaga kupindura mibvunzo mikuru nezveruzivo, chokwadi, rusununguko, uye kufunga. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kwavo miganhu yekufunga, chinzvimbo chemunhu, uye hukama huripo pakati pepfungwa nenyika zvakasiyana zvikuru. Kant anowanzonzwisiswa… Verenga zvakawanda
Zvinoreva Upenyu Sekureva kwaNietzsche Mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinorehwa nehupenyu inowanzo muka kana vanhu vakatarisana nekutambura, kukundikana, kusava nechinhu, kana kana zvitendero zvekare zvisisina simba. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) aive mumwe wevazivi vakanyanya kuvhiringa fungidziro dzechivanhu pamusoro pezvinorehwa. Haana kupa "resipi" yekunyaradza, asi dambudziko: kana nheyo dzekare dzichiputsika, vanhu vanofanira… Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso yeChokwadi yeRelativism Muuzivi, mubvunzo wekuti "chii chinonzi chokwadi?" wagara uri pokutangira hurukuro huru dzakawanda. Vamwe vanofunga kuti chokwadi chakagadzikana uye chakajairika, nepo vamwe vachichiona sechinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo: tsika, mutauro, maonero, kana nguva. Apa ndipo panopinda dzidziso yechokwadi yerelativism. Dzidziso yechokwadi yerelativism inoti chii... Verenga zvakawanda
Uzivi hwetsika hwaImmanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya nekuda kwekuedza kwake kugadzira hwaro hwetsika hwakazara uye hune musoro. Kusiyana netsika dzinovimba netsika, chitendero, kana mhedzisiro yezviito, Kant aidavira kuti chiyero chakasimba chetsika chinofanira kubva mukufunga uye… Verenga zvakawanda