Metaethics uye Pfungwa yeTsika Dzakanaka
Metaethics ibazi reuzivi rinotarisa pakudzidza hunhu, chinzvimbo, uye hwaro hwemashoko etsika nezvirevo. Kusiyana netsika dzinozivikanwa, dzinotsvaga kuona zvatinofanira kuita, kana tsika dzinoshandiswa, dzinoshandisa misimboti yetsika mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, metaethics inotarisa zvakanyanya pakuongorora dzidziso dzekutanga. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora pfungwa yetsika dzakanaka mukati memamiriro ezvinhu emetaethics uye kuti maonero aya anopesvedzera sei kunzwisisa kwedu tsika dzakajairika.
Kunzwisisa Metaethics
Metaethics inotsvaga kupindura mibvunzo yakakosha yakaita sekuti: Ndezvipi zvinorehwa nezvakanaka nezvakaipa? Ko tsika dzakanaka ndedzechokwadi here kana kuti dzinongoitika dzega? Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekutaura nezvetsika? Mibvunzo iyi inganzwika seisinganzwisisike, asi kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemetaethics kunotibvumira kuona zvakajeka chikonzero chiri shure kwetsika dzinozivikanwa uye dzakashandiswa .
Mukutaura kwakadzama, kune mapoka maviri makuru epfungwa mu metaethics: moral realism uye moral anti-realism. Moral realism inoti tsika dzakanaka uye dzinogona kuwanikwa kana kuzivikanwa sechokwadi chisina zvitendero zvevanhu. Moral anti-realism inoramba kuvapo kwetsika dzakanaka; vanoti tsika dzakanaka zvivako zvevanhu kana zviitiko zvemunhu.
Kuziva Tsika Nezvadzo
Kutenda kuti pane zvinhu zvine chekuita netsika zvisina musoro uye zvisina musoro. Vanhu vane pfungwa dzetsika vanotenda kuti zvinotaurwa nezvetsika zvinogona kuva zvechokwadi kana kuti zvenhema, uye kuti chokwadi chetsika hachina chekuita nepfungwa kana manzwiro emunhu.
Imwe nharo yekuti tsika dzakanaka ndedzechokwadi inyaya inobva pakusawirirana kwetsika kwakanaka. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusawirirana kwakakura uye kwakadzama pamusoro penyaya dzetsika—dzakadai semakakatanwa pamusoro peruramisiro munharaunda kana kodzero dzevanhu —kunoreva kuvapo kwechokwadi chetsika chakajeka chinopfuura maonero emunhu. Pasina chokwadi chetsika chakajeka, makakatanwa ese etsika angave ari nyaya yezvaanoda kana zvaanoda.
Pamusoro pezvo, vamwe vazivi vakaita saThomas Nagel naDerek Parfit vanoti hunhu hwetsika hunotsanangura zvine musoro tsika yevanhu yekufunga nezvetsika, kunyangwe izvi zvisingaenderane nepfungwa dzedu. Semuenzaniso, tinowanzonzwa tichimanikidzwa kubatsira vamwe kana kupa zvibayiro kuti zvibatsire vanhu vose, kunyangwe kana zviito izvi zvingatikuvadza.
Kusava Netsika Dzinopikisa Kuvapo Kwechokwadi
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusawirirana kwetsika nepfungwa dzechokwadi kunotaura kuti tsika dzakanaka hadzina chinangwa. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemaonero aya, dzinosanganisira emotivism, prescriptivism, uye moral relativism.
Kuzvikudza kunotaura kuti kutaura kwetsika kunoratidza manzwiro kana kuti manzwiro. Semuenzaniso, kana mumwe munhu akati, "Kubatsira varombo kwakanaka," zvichienderana nekuzvikudza, zvavari kutaura chaizvo ipfungwa yakanaka kune chiito ichocho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kutaura kwetsika hakuna kukosha kwechokwadi asi kunongoratidza manzwiro emutauri.
Mutemo wePrescriptivism, wakakurudzirwa naRichard M. Hare, unoratidza kuti zvirevo zvetsika rudzi rwemurairo kana kurudziro. Patinoita chirevo chetsika, tinenge tichipa murairo kana zano kune vamwe kuti vaite nenzira yakati. Chirevo chakadai sekuti "Haufanire kureva nhema" chinoreva "Usareva nhema!" uye hachisi chechokwadi kana chenhema, asi kungokurudzira kuita chimwe chinhu.
Kuzvibata kwetsika nepfungwa yekuti tsika dzakanaka dzinoenderana netsika, nzanga, kana vanhu. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka kana zvakaipa mune imwe tsika kana mamiriro ezvinhu zvingasaonekwa saizvozvo mune imwe. Kuzvibata kwetsika nepfungwa iyi kunosimbisa kuti hapana chokwadi chetsika chinogona kushandiswa kuvanhu vese.
Tsika Dzetsika Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Zvine Hunhu
Tsika dzetsika chinhu chakakosha mutsika dzekare nekuti ndidzo dzinotsigira zviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvetsika uye zvisarudzo. Seri kwemutemo wega wega wetsika pane chirevo pamusoro pekukosha kwetsika, kungave kwakabatana nemufaro, rusununguko, kururamisira, kana hunhu hwakanaka. Muchirevo ichi, tsika dzetsika dzinova zviyero zvakakosha zvinosarudza kuti vanhu nenzanga vanofanira kuita sei.
Kusava nepfungwa dzakaipa pamusoro petsika muhunhu hwechokwadi kunoratidza kuti tsika dzakadai seruramisiro kana mufaro dzine hwaro hwakazvimirira pakuona kwemunhu. Semuenzaniso, munhu anonyatsoongorora tsika anogona kutaura kuti kuponda kwakaipa nekuti kunokanganisa kodzero huru yehupenyu, musimboti unoonekwa sewechokwadi pasi rose.
Kusiyana neizvi, tsika dzinoenderana nemafungiro evanhu, kana tichitarisa kusawirirana, dzinoratidza kuti tsika idzi dzinobva mukuvakwa kwevanhu kana sarudzo yemunhu. Mukuona uku, tsika hadzina chokwadi chakazvimiririra uye dzinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya pakati pevanhu kana tsika. Semuenzaniso, imwe nzanga inogona kukoshesa ushingi sehunhu hukuru, nepo imwe inogona kukoshesa uchenjeri kana tsitsi zvakanyanya.
Mhedzisiro yeMetaethical yeNormative uye Applied Ethics
Kunzwisisa metaethics kune zvakunoreva zvikuru pakugadzira kwedu uye kushandisa nheyo dzetsika muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kana tikabvuma hunhu hwetsika, tingangoda kutsvaga nheyo dzetsika dzinoshanda pasi rose, dzakadai senheyo dzekodzero dzevanhu kana kururamisira munharaunda . Tingada kutsvaga hwaro hwetsika hwakasimba, husingachinji hwakavakirwa pakufunga kwepfungwa kana kufunga zvine musoro.
Kusiyana neizvi, kana tikagamuchira kusawirirana kwetsika, tichava vakasununguka kune tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo inoziva kusiyana kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana mutsika nevanhu. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira kune nzira yekusarudza tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, kwatinoremekedza mamiriro akasiyana nemaonero tisingaedze kuwana chokwadi chimwe chete chetsika.
Mhedziso
Metaethics inotivhurira nzvimbo yekufungisisa zvakadzama pamusoro pehwaro uye chokwadi chezvinotaurwa netsika dzedu. Nekuongorora zvese zviri zviviri hunhu hwetsika uye hunhu hunopesana nehunhu hwetsika, tinowana nzwisiso yakadzama yekuti tsika dzetsika dzinogona kunzwisiswa uye kushandiswa sei. Munyika iri kuramba ichiwedzera kuwanda uye yakaoma, kunzwisisa metaethics kunova kwakakosha pakuvaka hurongwa hwetsika hune hunyanzvi uye hwakavimbika.
Kuburikidza nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwedzidziso dzezvechitendero, hatingopfumisi nharo dzepfungwa chete asiwo tinowedzera kugona kwedu kutarisana nematambudziko chaiwo etsika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Tsika dzetsika, dzese dziri dzechokwadi nedzepfungwa, dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuumba nyika yedu, uye kunzwisisa dzidziso dzezvechitendero kunotitungamira mukufamba nematambudziko aya neuchenjeri hukuru neruramisiro.
