Immanuel Kant uye Mutemo weCategorical
Immanuel Kant, muzivi wechiGerman wemuzana remakore rechi18, anoonekwa semumwe wevafungi vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi hwekuMadokero. Simba rake rakapararira munzvimbo dzakadai se epistemology, tsika, uye runako. Zvisinei, imwe yepfungwa dzake dzinorangarirwa uye dzakakurukurwa kusvika pari zvino i "categorical irresponsible," iyo inonyanya kukosha pamaonero ake pamusoro petsika.
Mavambo eUzivi hwaKant
Kant akaberekerwa muKönigsberg, East Prussia (yava kunzi Kaliningrad, Russia) muna 1724 uye akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake ikoko. Kunyangwe akashanda semudzidzisi wepachivande kwenguva pfupi, akazova purofesa paYunivhesiti yeKönigsberg, kwaakadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pamasvomhu kusvika kufilosofi.
Rimwe remabasa aKant anozivikanwa zvikuru ndiro "Critique of Pure Reason" (Kritik der reinen Vernunft), rakaburitswa muna 1781. Iri basa rinoedza kugadzirisa kusawirirana kuripo pakati pe empiricism ne rationalism. Zvisinei, basa rake guru mutsika ndiro "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals" (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten), rakaburitswa muna 1785, umo anopa pfungwa yechikamu chinosungirwa.
Nhanganyaya kuCategorical Imperative
Izwi rekuti "categorical irregulatory" rinoreva musimboti wetsika wakakosha uyo Kant aitenda kuti ndiwo unofanira kuva hwaro hwezviito zvese zvine musoro zvetsika. Mukuona kwaKant, tsika hadzibvi pamamiriro ezvinhu emunhu kana mhedzisiro yechiito, asi pamisimboti yakajairika inogona kushandiswa pasi rose. Mitemo yezvikamu haisi misimboti inoenderana kana kuti inongoenderana nepfungwa dzevanhu, asi mirairo yakakwana inofanira kuteverwa pasinei nemigumisiro.
Kuumbwa Kwezvinhu Zvinodiwa Pachikamu
Kant akapa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa mutemo wekuti "categorical irresponsible", uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeiyi:
1. Nheyo yeKugarisana Kwevanhu Vose: “Ita zvinoenderana nenheyo yaunogona panguva imwe chete kuti ive mutemo wepasi rose.” Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu asati atora danho, anofanira kufunga kana nheyo iri shure kwechiito ichi ichigona kugamuchirwa semutemo unoshanda kuvanhu vese vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana.
2. Nheyo yeRusununguko: “Ita sokunge chinangwa chezviito zvako kuburikidza nechido chako chinogona kuva mutemo wepasi rose wezvisikwa.” Izvi zvine chekuita nenheyo yekutanga, asi zvinosimbisa chikamu chechido chemunhu pakuumba mutemo wetsika.
3. Nheyo yeKutakura: “Ita nenzira yekuti unobata vanhu, iwe pachako uye nevamwe, nguva dzose panguva imwe chete sechinangwa kwete kungoshandisa nzira chete.” Mukuona kwaKant, vanhu vanofanira kugara vachionekwa semugumo wezviito zvese zvetsika, kwete senzira yekuenda kune chimwe chinangwa.
4. Nheyo yeKuzvitonga: “Ita sekunge nheyo dzezviito zvako dzinofanira kusimbisa mutemo wetsika unozvimiririra wevanhu vese.” Nheyo iyi inosimbisa kuti mutemo wetsika unofanira kubva pakufunga kwevanhu vanozvimiririra, kwete kubva kune vane masimba vekunze vakaita sechitendero kana nyika.
Kuitwa uye Kutsoropodzwa
Kushandisa mutemo wekuti "category" muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hazvisi nyore. Semuenzaniso, kana munhu ari kufunga kureva nhema, anofanira kuzvibvunza kana musimboti wekureva nhema (semuenzaniso, kureva nhema kuti asarangwa) ungagamuchirwa semutemo wepasi rose. Dai izvi zvakagamuchirwa semutemo wepasi rose, paisazova nekuvimbika mukutaurirana kwevanhu, izvo zvaizoita kuti nzanga isashande zvakanaka. Naizvozvo, zvichibva pamutemo wekuti "category" ishande, kureva nhema hakuna chikonzero.
Zvisinei, pfungwa yaKant yetsika haisi isina vatsoropodzi vayo. Vamwe vatsoropodzi, vakaita saFriedrich Nietzsche , vanoti tsika dzaKant dzakanyanya kusimba uye hadzibvumiri hunhu hwetsika hunodiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Nietzsche anoti huKantianism hunopedzisira hwatungamira kuhudzvanyiriri hwetsika uye hunodzivisa ushingi hwemunhu hwekuita kutonga kwetsika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara.
Vamwe, vakaita saJohn Stuart Mill nevanotsigira mabasa ekubatsira, vakatsoropodza Kant nekusanyatsoteerera migumisiro yezviito. Zvichienderana nenheyo dzemabasa ekubatsira, zviito zvinotongwa kuti zvakanaka kana zvakaipa zvichibva pakuoma kwemigumisiro yazvo kune hutano hwevanhu vose. Mutsananguro iyi, kunyangwe kureva nhema kwakaipa mumaonero aKant, zvinogona kururamiswa kana zvikaguma nezvakanaka zvikuru.
Kukosha kweMutemo weCategorical muNguva Dzazvino
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwakawanda, kukosha kwechirevo chechikamu kuchiri kukosha munguva dzazvino. Nheyo yekuti zvinhu zvose zvinofanira kuitwa nevanhu vose inogona kuonekwa mumamiriro ekodzero dzevanhu nemitemo yepasi rose, uko mimwe mitemo inoshandiswa nevanhu vose pasinei nekuti munhu wacho ndiani kana kuti ane tsika dzakaita sei. Semuenzaniso, Chiziviso Chekodzero Dzevanhu Chepasi Pose muenzaniso wekuti mitemo yetsika inogona kushandiswa sei pasi rose.
Saizvozvowo, musimboti wehunhu hwevanhu unowanikwa mumasangano akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu emazuva ano. Masangano akadai seBlack Lives Matter kana mushandirapamwe wekuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi anobva pakuzivisa kuti vanhu vese vanofanira kubatwa nerukudzo rwakaenzana, zvichiratidza zvakananga musimboti wenyaya unobata vanhu semugumo wavo.
Uyezve, pfungwa yekuzvitonga kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe mukati memutemo wetsika ndiyo mbiru yakakosha pakavakirwa masisitimu mazhinji edemocracy. Rusununguko rwemunhu mumwe nemumwe rwekuita sarudzo dzetsika pasina kumanikidzwa kubva kunze, kungave kubva kuhurumende kana kune mamwe masangano, ruchiri kukosha pakuchengetedza nzanga ine vanhu vakawanda uye vanoshivirira.
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yaImmanuel Kant yechirevo chechikamu chinopa maonero akadzama uye anonetsa etsika. Nekuunza chirevo chisina magumo uye chepasi rose, Kant akapa nzira itsva yekunzwisisa nekushandisa tsika. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwakawanda, zvikamu zvemitemo yetsika yaKant zvinoramba zvichikosha uye zvinoshanda munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzemazuva ano. Sekufungisisa kwekupedzisira, chirevo chechikamu chinotikurudzira kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yakakura yezviito zvedu uye chinokurudzira kuumbwa kwenharaunda ine tsika dzakanaka uye dzakarurama.
