Bertrand Russell neMathematical Logic: Mipiro Yake neNhaka Yake
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, anozivikanwa saBertrand Russell, aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rechi20. Mipiro yake yakawanda mukufunga, uzivi, uye masvomhu yakavhura nzira yekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzakawanda nedzidziso muzvidzidzo izvozvo. Zvikurukuru, mipiro yake mukufunga kwemasvomhu yakagadzira hwaro hwakasimba hwekutsvagurudza kwakawanda kwakazotevera uye kuwana ruzivo.
Upenyu Hwepakutanga uye Dzidzo
Bertrand Russell akaberekwa musi wa18 Chivabvu 1872, muTrellech, Monmouthshire, Wales. Aibva kumhuri yakakurumbira yehumambo hwekuEngland. Baba vake vaiva Viscount Amberley uye amai vake vaiva Katherine Louisa Stanley. Kufa kwevabereki vake achiri mudiki kwakaita kuti Russell arererwe nasekuru nasekuru vake.
Russell akaratidza njere dzinoshamisa kubva achiri mudiki. Akadzidziswa kumba nevadzidzisi vepachivande asati apinda muTrinity College, Cambridge, kwaakadzidza uzivi nepfungwa. KuCambridge, Russell akasangana naAlfred North Whitehead, uyo akazova mubatsiri mukuru mumapurojekiti ake akasiyana-siyana epfungwa.
Mipiro muMathematical Logic
Rimwe remabhuku aRussell ane mukurumbira mukuongorora masvomhu ndi“Principia Mathematica,” raakanyora pamwe chete naAlfred North Whitehead. “Principia Mathematica,” rinowanzo pfupikiswa sePM, rakaburitswa mumavhoriyamu matatu muna 1910, 1912, na1913. Bhuku iri raiva nechinangwa chikuru chekuisa hwaro hwakasimba hwemasvomhu hwesainzi yese, zvakafanana nebasa raEuclid mukuongorora mageometry.
Muna PM, Russell naWhitehead vakaedza kutsanangura hwaro hwese hwemasvomhu vachishandisa pfungwa dzepfungwa. Vakaedza kuratidza kuti pfungwa dzese dzemasvomhu dzinogona kuderedzwa kuita pfungwa dzepfungwa nezviratidzo zvepamutemo.
Zvisinei, kuedza uku kwaive nematambudziko. Dambudziko guru rakasangana naro mukuita uku raive dambudziko rakabuda mudzidziso ye "set theory", iyo yakazozivikanwa se "Russell's Paradox." "Russell's Paradox" inoratidza kusawirirana mudzidziso ye "set theory" patinoedza kutsanangura seti ine pachayo.
Chishamiso chaRussell
Dambudziko raRussell rakamuka apo Bertrand Russell akafunga nezvekuunganidzwa kwemaseti ese asingazvibatanidzi sezvinhu. Kana tikatsanangura seti R seseti yemaseti ese asina kuzvibatanidzira, saka mubvunzo unomuka kana R ine pachayo kana kwete.
Kana R ichizvibatanidza, saka netsanangudzo, R haigone kuzvibatanidza. Zvisinei, kana R ichizvibatanidza, saka netsanangudzo, R inofanira kuzvibatanidza. Iyi paradox inoratidza dambudziko guru nedzidziso isina ruzivo yakashandiswa nevakawanda vemasvomhu panguva iyoyo.
Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri, Russell akatanga dzidziso yemarudzi, iyo yakabatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mumarudzi akasiyana kudzivirira kuti matambudziko akadaro asaitike.
Zvinoreva Masvomhu neUzivi
Pesvedzero yaRussell pakufunga kwemasvomhu yaive yakakura uye yakadzama. Kuedza kwake kutsanangura masvomhu achishandisa pfungwa kwakakurudzira vazhinji vemasvomhu nevazivi kuti vaongorore hwaro hwemasvomhu nepfungwa. Kunyangwe chishuwo chavo chekuvaka masvomhu ese kubva pamisimboti yepfungwa chisina kubudirira zvizere, mipiro yavo yakavhura nzira yekufunga kwepamutemo, dzidziso yakatarwa, nezvimwe zvakawanda muzvidzidzo zvemasvomhu zvemazuva ano.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvakaitwa naRussell kwaive kufuridzira kwaro Gertrude Beinecke, Kurt Gödel, nevamwe vakadzidza vakawanda vaishanda pahwaro hwemasvomhu. Dzidziso dzaGödel dzekusakwana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, dzakaratidza kuti mune chero hurongwa hwemasvomhu hwakapfuma muhuwandu hwakakwana hwemaaxioms, nguva dzose kune mazano asingagone kuratidzwa kuti ndeechokwadi kana kuti enhema mukati mehurongwa pachahwo. Izvi zvaive zvakachinja chinangwa chaRussell naWhitehead chekutanga, asi vachiri kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuedza kwavo mukupa hwaro hwakasimba hwemasvomhu.
Nhaka muDzidzo nedzimwe nzvimbo
Kunze kwenyaya yemasvomhu, Bertrand Russell aizivikanwawo semunyori, mutsoropodzi wezvemagariro evanhu, uye piyona wezvedzidzo. Akanyora mabhuku akawanda achiongorora nyaya dzetsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye dzedzidzo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Russell aive muzivi wezvetsika aitsigira rusununguko rwekufunga uye aiwanzopikisa dzidziso dzakasimba dzechitendero nedzemagariro evanhu. Nekuda kweizvi, aiwanzosangana nekutsoropodzwa nekukakavadzana.
Mudzidzo, Russell aizivikanwa nemaonero ake ekufambira mberi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "On Education," akasimbisa kukosha kwekusunungura pfungwa dzevana kubva murusarura nedzidziso dzechitendero uye kuvapa simba rekufunga zvakadzama uye vakazvimiririra. Russell akatanga chikoro chekufambira mberi muna 1927, icho, kunyange chakagara makore mashoma chete, chakapa ruzivo rwenzira itsva dzekudzidzisa vana.
Mupfungwa dzetsika, Russell aive mutsigiri akasimba wekodzero dzevanhu uye piyona mukudzidza tsika dzepasi rose. Maitiro ake panyaya dzetsika aiwanzova echokwadi, achitsigira rugare nekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese. Akapihwa Nobel Prize yeMabhuku muna 1950, achicherechedza zvinyorwa zvake zvaitsigira pfungwa dzehunhu hwevanhu nerusununguko rwepfungwa.
Kata Penutup
Bertrand Russell aive munhu anofunga zvinoshamisa, ane simba richiri kunzwika nanhasi muzvikamu zvakawanda zveruzivo. Mukufunga kwemasvomhu, basa rake naAlfred North Whitehead pa "Principia Mathematica" inhanho huru munhoroondo yemasvomhu nekufunga. Maitiro ake ekugadzirisa matambudziko makuru ekufunga, akadai seParadox yaRussell, ave nemhedzisiro yakakosha uye inogara kwenguva refu.
Kunze kwemasvomhu nepfungwa, Russell anozivikanwa semuzivi wetsika, mutsoropodzi wezvemagariro evanhu, uye mudzidzisi ane ushingi. Basa rake rinoratidza mweya wekuzvimiririra uye kuda kubvunza fungidziro dzisina kuedzwa, zvichitikurudzira tese kuti tirambe tichitsvaga chokwadi uye tichisimudzira rusununguko rwepfungwa. Saka, Bertrand Russell akasiya nhaka inokosha yepfungwa kunyika.
