RNA: Te Mārama ki te Ngota Hira o te Ora
Ko te waikawa ribonucleic, te RNA rānei, tētahi o ngā ngota koiora nui o ngā momo ora katoa. Ahakoa he iti ake te mōhiotia i te DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), he rite tonu te hiranga o te RNA i roto i ngā tukanga ora. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te hanganga, te mahi, me te hiranga o te RNA i roto i ngā horopaki koiora rerekē.
Hanganga RNA
He polynucleotide te RNA, arā, he maha ngā nucleotide takitahi kei roto. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ia nucleotide i roto i te RNA: he turanga hauota, he huka ribose, me he rōpū phosphate. Ko ngā turanga hauota matua e whā e kitea ana i roto i te RNA ko te adenine (A), te uracil (U), te cytosine (C), me te guanine (G). Kāore i rite ki te DNA, e whakamahi ana i te thymine (T) hei tētahi o ōna turanga, ka whakamahia e te RNA te uracil.
Ko te RNA he rite ki te aho kotahi, ahakoa ka taea e ia te takai ki ngā momo āhua matatini e toru-ahu me te kaha mahi motuhake. He mea nui tēnei ngāwari o te āhua RNA ki te whakataurite ki te DNA, he pakari ake tōna hanganga porowhita rua.
Ngā momo RNA me ā rātou mahi
He maha ngā momo RNA, he mahi motuhake tā ia momo i roto i te pūtau. Anei ētahi o ngā momo RNA matua e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtau:
1. mRNA (karere RNA): Ka mahi te mRNA hei karere ira mai i te DNA ki ngā ribosome, te wāhi e puta ai te hanganga pūmua. I te wā o te tuhi, ka tuhia te wāhanga DNA e whakamārama ana i te ira ki roto i te mRNA. Kia pakeke, ka neke te mRNA mai i te karihi ki ngā ribosome, te wāhi e whakamaoritia ai ngā mōhiohio kei roto ki ngā raupapatanga waikawa amino, ka hanga he polypeptides, he pūmua rānei.
2. rRNA (RNA ribosomal): He wāhanga nui tēnei RNA o ngā ribosome, arā, ngā hanganga pūtau e puta ai te hanganga pūmua. Ko te rRNA te tūāpapa taketake o ngā ribosome, ā, ka āwhina i tā rātou mahi ki te hono i ngā waikawa amino i runga i te raupapa nucleotide e whakaratohia ana e te mRNA.
3. tRNA (RNA whakawhiti): Ko te tRNA he ngota whakatau e kawe ana i ngā waikawa amino motuhake ki te ribosome e ai ki te raupapatanga codon i roto i te mRNA. Kei ia tRNA he anticodon e hono tika ana ki te codon i roto i te mRNA, kia tika ai te raupapatanga o ngā waikawa amino i te wā whakamāori.
4. snRNA (RNA karihi iti): He RNA iti tēnei e whai wāhi ana ki te tukanga whakatika mRNA (honohono) i roto i te karihi. Ko te snRNA te kawenga mō te tango i ngā intron mai i te pre-mRNA me te hono i ngā exon.
5. miRNA (microRNA) me te siRNA (RNA iti e ārai ana): E rua ngā momo RNA e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira. Ka taea e te miRNA te pehi i te whakaaturanga ira i te huarahi rite ki te mRNA, ko te siRNA ia he mahi ki te pupuri i te pumau o te ira mā te whakamutu i ngā huānga transposon.
Te Whakahaere i te RNA me te Ira
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tino whakamīharo a te RNA ko tōna kaha ki te awe i te whakahaere ira. Ka taea tēnei whakahaere i ngā taumata maha, tae atu ki te tuhi ira, te tuhi ira i muri i te tuhi ira, me te whakamāori. Ka taea e te RNA te mahi hei whakaoho, hei aukati rānei i te whakaaturanga ira hei whakautu ki ngā tohu taiao me te whanaketanga ā-tinana.
Ina whakaarohia te RNA hei kaiwhakahaere ira, ko te miRNA me te siRNA he tauira tino nui. Hei tauira, ko te mahi a ngā miRNA mā te pehi i te whakamaoritanga o ā rātou mRNA whāinga, mā te whakatairanga rānei i tō rātou pirau. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā miRNA te whakahaere tere me te whai hua i te whakaaturanga ira, me te urupare ki ngā huringa taiao, ki ngā tohu koiora rānei.
RNA i roto i te Hangarau Koiora me te Rongoā
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua tere te whanaketanga o te mahi a te RNA i roto i te hangarau koiora me te rongoā. Ko tētahi o ngā putanga nui ko te whanaketanga o ngā kano kano mRNA. Ko ngā kano kano mRNA, pērā i ērā e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi kano kano COVID-19, ka mahi mā te whakauru i tētahi raupapa mRNA e waehere ana mō tētahi antigen huaketo motuhake, pērā i te pūmua pīrahi o te huaketo SARS-CoV-2. Kātahi ka whakamahia e te tinana tēnei raupapa hei whakaputa i te antigen me te whakaoho i tētahi urupare ārai mate, hei whakarite i te pūnaha ārai mate ki te whawhai ki ngā mate a meake nei.
Haunga ngā kano kano, ko ngā hangarau e hangai ana ki te RNA, pērā i te siRNA gene therapy me te antisense oligonucleotide therapy, e tuku ana i ngā huarahi hou ki te rongoā i ngā mate ira me ngā mate pūmau. Mā te kaha ki te arotahi me te whakarerekē i te whakaaturanga ira, ka tukuna e ngā rongoā RNA he huarahi maimoatanga kua whakaritea, kua whakawhaiarotia hoki.
Te Anamata o te Rangahau RNA
I te kitenga me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau raupapatanga me te whakahaere i te RNA, he kanapa te heke mai o ngā rangahau e hangai ana ki te RNA. Ko ngā wāhanga rangahau e tere whanake ana ko te whakatika RNA, e āhei ai te whakarerekē i ngā raupapatanga RNA me te kore e whakarerekē i te DNA ira, e tuku ana i ngā huarahi hou ki te rongoā ira.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te tūranga o te RNA i roto i te whakahaere epigenetic, ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā RNA, me tā rātou takoha ki te kanorau ira me te whanaketanga, ko ētahi o ngā wāhanga e tūhuratia ana i tēnei wā, ā, ka taea pea te whakarerekē ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā tukanga koiora uaua.
Whakamutunga
He ngota whakamiharo te RNA i roto i te koiora, he maha ngā āhuatanga o ana mahi e toro atu ana i tua atu i tana mahi hei karere ira. Mai i tōna hanganga ki tana mahi me ngā tono mahi i roto i te pūtaiao me te rongoā, kei te whakaatu tonu te RNA i tōna hiranga nui ki te mārama me te tautoko i te hauora tangata me te tūhuratanga o te koiora ngota whānui.
Ahakoa e hiahiatia ana ētahi atu rangahau kia tino mārama ai ki ngā whakamahinga o te RNA ā muri ake nei, kotahi te mea e tino mārama ana: ko te RNA tētahi o ngā miro e whakakotahi ana i ngā tini tukanga koiora e tautoko ana i te ora e mōhiotia nei e tātou.
