Ngā Tauira Pātai mō ngā Ngaru Mārama: Te Mārama ki te Ariā me ōna Whakamahinga
He āhuatanga ā-tinana ngā ngaru mārama e whai wāhi nui ana ki te oranga o ia rā, me ngā mahi pūtaiao maha. Mai i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kōrero whatu ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau taiaho, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā ngaru mārama. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā taketake o ngā ngaru mārama, me te whakarato tauira rapanga hei mārama ake i tēnei kaupapa.
Ariā Taketake o ngā Ngaru Mārama
Ko ngā ngaru mārama he momo ngaru hikohiko e taea ai te horapa me te kore e hiahiatia he reo. Kāore i rite ki ngā ngaru oro, e hiahiatia ana te hau hei horapa, ka taea e ngā ngaru mārama te haere i roto i te korehau. He pumau te tere o te mārama i roto i te korehau, tata ki te 299.792.458 mita ia hekona, tata ki te 300.000 kiromita ia hekona rānei.
He āhuatanga ahurei tō ngā ngaru mārama, tae atu ki te whakaata, te huripokitanga, te whakatītahatanga, me te pokanoa.
1. Whakaata: Ina pā te mārama ki tētahi mata, ka whakaatahia anō.
2. Whakaataata: Te huringa o te ahunga o te mārama ina haere mā roto i te rohe o ngā reo rerekē e rua.
3. Te horapa o ngā ngaru i te wā e tika ana mā roto i tētahi āputa whaiti.
4. Te Whakararuraru: Te huinga o ngā ngaru mārama e rua ka taea te whakaputa i ngā tauira hanga, ngā tauira whakangaro rānei.
Kōrero mō ngā Ngaru Mārama
Hei whakamahi i ēnei ariā, me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira raruraru:
Pātai 1: Te Whakaata o te Mārama
Pātai: Ka pā te hihi mārama ki tētahi whakaata papatahi i te koki o te pānga o te 30 nekehanga. He aha te koki whakaata o te mārama?
Kōrero: E ai ki te ture whakaata, he ōrite te koki taunga ki te koki whakaata. Nō reira, ki te 30 nekehanga te koki taunga, he 30 nekehanga anō hoki te koki whakaata.
Whakautu: Koki whakaata = 30 nekehanga.
Pātai 2: Te Hurihanga o te Mārama
Pātai: Ka whiti te mārama mai i te hau (taupū whakaata n1 = 1) ki roto i te wai (taupū whakaata n2 = 1,33) i te koki pānga o te 45 nekehanga. He aha te koki whakaata?
Kōrero: Whakamahia te ture a Snell e whakaaturia ana e te tātai:
n1 hara(θ1) = n2 hara(θ2)
Me n1 = 1, θ1 = 45 nekehanga, n2 = 1,33. Kātahi:
hara(θ2) = (n1 hara(θ1)) / n2
= sin(45°) / 1,33
= 0,707/1,33
≈ 0,531
Hei kimi i te θ2, ka whakamahia e mātou te sine whakamuri:
θ2 = arcsin(0,531) ≈ 32,1 nekehanga.
Whakautu: Koki whakaata ≈ 32,1 nekehanga.
Pātai 3: Te Whakararuraru Mārama
Pātai: I roto i te whakamātautau rua-kōhatu a Young, ka hangaia he tauira pokanoa i runga i te mata e ngā hihi piripono e rua o te roangaru 600 nm. Mena ko te tawhiti i waenga i ngā kōhatu e rua he 0,1 mm, ā, ko te tawhiti ki te mata he 2 mita, tautuhia te tawhiti i waenga i ngā whitiki kanapa e rua e tata ana.
Kōrero: Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā hihi kanapa e rua (ngā taha) i roto i tētahi tauira taupatupatu ka hoatuhia e te whārite:
Δy = (λ L) / d
Ko λ te roangaru (600 nm = 600 x 10^-9 m), ko L te tawhiti ki te mata (2 m), ā, ko d te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā āputa (0,1 mm = 0,1 x 10^-3 m).
Δy = (600 x 10^-9 m 2 m) / (0,1 x 10^-3 m)
= (1200 x 10^-9 mita) / (0,1 x 10^-3 mita)
= 0,012 m
= 12 mm.
Whakautu: Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā whitiki kanapa e rua he ≈ 12 mm.
Pātai 4: Te Whakarerekētanga o te Mārama
Pātai: Ka haere tētahi mārama he 500 nm te roangaru mā roto i tētahi āputa whaiti he 0,02 mm te whānui. Tāutuhia te koki whakarara mō te raupapa tuatahi!
Kōrero: Mō tētahi āputa kotahi, ko te koki whakarara mō te raupapa m ka whakaaturia e te whārite:
he hara(θ) = m λ
Mō te raupapa tuatahi (m=1), ka whakakapia e mātou:
0,02 x 10^-3 m te hara(θ) = 1 500 x 10^-9 m
hara(θ) = (500 x 10^-9 m) / (0,02 x 10^-3 m)
= 0,025
θ = arcsin(0,025) ≈ 1,43 nekehanga.
Whakautu: Koki whakarara tuatahi ≈ 1,43 nekehanga.
Whakamutunga
Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake o ngā ngaru mārama me te whakamahi i aua mātāpono ki ngā raruraru ka āwhina i te hōhonu ake o tō tātou mōhiotanga ki tēnei āhuatanga. Ehara i te mea ko ngā ngaru mārama te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga taiao maha anake, engari ko te pūtake hoki mō te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou pērā i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero muka-whatu me ngā taiaho. Mā te whakaharatau i te whakaoti rapanga pēnei i te mea i runga ake nei, ko te tumanako ka pai ake te mārama me te whakamahi a ngā kaipānui i te ariā o ngā ngaru mārama i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu.
He mea nui te mārama ki te āhua o te ngaru o te mārama, ehara i te mea mō ngā ākonga ahupūngao anake, engari mō ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini e whai ana ki te whakamahi i te mārama i roto i te hangarau me te ahumahi. Mā te nui ake o tō tātou mārama me tō tātou mōhio ki tēnei rauemi, ka pai ake tā tātou whakawhanake i ngā otinga auaha hei painga mō te oranga o ia rā me te whanaketanga hangarau.
