Tukanga Whakaoho Io
He mea nui te tuku i ngā nekehanga io i roto i te pūnaha io, e āhei ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā neuron me waenga i ngā neuron me ētahi atu okana. Mā te mārama ki te haere o ngā nekehanga io ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te mahi a te roro me te tinana o te tangata. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga e pā ana ki tēnei tukanga, mai i te whakamāramatanga taketake ki te pānga o ngā nekehanga io ki ngā mahi a te tinana.
He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Neuron
Ko ngā neuron ngā waeine taketake o te pūnaha io, e kiia ana he pūtau tino motuhake me te kaha ki te tuku me te whiwhi tohu hiko. Ko te hanganga o te neuron he wāhanga matua e toru: te tinana pūtau (soma), ngā dendrite, me ngā axon. Ko ngā dendrite he muka poto e whiwhi tohu ana, e tuku ana ki te tinana pūtau, ko ngā axon ia he muka roa e kawe ana i ngā tohu mai i te tinana pūtau ki ētahi atu neuron, ki ngā pūtau whai hua rānei.
Pūmanawa Kiriuhi
Hei mārama ki te tukanga o ngā nekehanga io, he mea nui kia mārama ki te ariā o te pūmanawa membrane. He kiriuhi ā-haurua-whakaurunga ngā neurons, e āhei ai te puta o ngā pikinga kukū katote motuhake. I te āhua okiokinga, he utu kino te roto o te neuron ki te whakataurite ki te āhua o waho. Ka kiia tēnei āhua ko te pūmanawa okiokinga, e ahu mai ana i te -70 mV.
Pūmanawa Mahi
Ko te tukanga matua o te tuku i ngā nekehanga io ko te pūmanawa mahi, he huringa tere o te ngaohiko membrane e haere ana i te axon o te neuron. Ka tīmata te pūmanawa mahi ina whiwhi te neuron i tētahi whakaohooho kaha, ka puta he huringa tuatahi o te urunga o te membrane ki ngā katote konutai (Na+).
1. Te Whakaiti i te Polarization – Ka puta he whakaohooho ka whakatuwhera i ngā hongere ion Na+, ka taea ai te rere o te Na+ ki roto i te pūtau. Mā tēnei ka huri te utu o te membrane mai i te kino ki te pai.
2. Te Whakapūmautanga – Whai muri i te whakapūmautanga tino nui, ka tīmata te kati o ngā awa Na+ i te wā e tuwhera ana ngā awa pāhare pāporo (K+), ka taea ai e K+ te wehe atu i te pūtau. Mā tēnei tukanga ka whakahokia te utu o te kiriuhi ki te āhua kino.
3. Te Whakapūngao Nui – Ina nui rawa te K+ e wehe atu ana, ka kino ake te kiriuhi neuron i te pūmanawa okiokinga, i mua i te pumau anō.
Te Aratakitanga o te Hihiri
Ko ngā pūmanawa mahi ka tīmata i te puke o te axon ka haere i te taha o te axon ki te pito o te axon. E rua ngā momo ara iahiko e mōhiotia ana: te ara iahiko tonu me te ara iahiko tote:
– Ka puta te ara iahiko tonu i roto i ngā axon kāore i te whai myelin, me whakaputa ngā pūmanawa mahi i ia wā i te axon.
– Ka puta te kawe tote i roto i ngā axon myelinated, ka 'peke' ngā iri mai i tētahi pona o Ranvier ki tētahi atu, ka tere ake te tuku iri.
Tukunga Synaptic
Ina tae te pūmanawa mahi ki te pito o te axon, ka hurihia te tohu hiko hei tohu matū e haere ana puta noa i te kapiti synaptic ki te neuron e whai ake nei. Ko tēnei tukanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te Tukunga o ngā neurotransmitters: Mā ngā pūmanawa mahi ka neke ngā vesicles kei roto ngā neurotransmitters ki te kiriuhi presynaptic ka tukuna ō rātou ihirangi ki roto i te āputa synaptic.
2. Te horapa o ngā neurotransmitter puta noa i te āputa me te here ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi i runga i te kiriuhi postsynaptic.
3. Te Tīmatanga o te Pūmanawa Muri-pūnaha: I runga i te momo neurotransmitter me te kaiwhiwhi, ka taea e tēnei te whakaputa i te pūmanawa whakaoho muri-pūnaha (EPSP) i te pūmanawa aukati muri-pūnaha (IPSP) rānei, e pā ana ki te whakaputanga o te pūmanawa mahi a te neuron e whai ake nei.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Tukanga Impulse Io
He maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ai te tukanga o te nekehanga o te io:
– Te whānui o ngā axon: Ka tere ake te kawe i ngā iri o ngā axon he nui ake te whānui i ngā axon iti ake.
– Te pāmahana: Ka taea e te pikinga o te pāmahana te whakanui ake i te tere o te kawe i te hiko.
– Te Aroaro o te Myelin: E ai ki te kōrero, ka whakanuia e te myelination te tere o te kawe i ngā nekehanga.
– Taurite o te Irahiko: He mea nui ngā katote pēnei i te Na+, K+, me te Ca2+ mō te taurite o te pūmanawa o te membrane me te pūmanawa mahi.
Te Whakamahinga o te Mārama ki ngā Āraitanga Io
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te mārama ki ngā akiakinga io i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki:
– Rongoā: Te tātaritanga me te maimoatanga i ngā mate pūnaha io pērā i te mate haurangi, te mate maha o te sclerosis, me te neuropathy.
– Te rongoā: Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rongoā e whakarerekē ana i te mahi a ngā neurotransmitter, e whakamahia ana hei rongoā i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pouri me te schizophrenia.
– Hangarau Niho: Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā taputapu hanga-ira ka taea te whakauru ki te pūnaha io hei āwhina i ngā tūroro e ngaro ana te mahi a ngā tairongo, arā, ngā mahi nekeneke.
Whakamutunga
He hononga matatini te tukanga whakaoho io o ngā tukanga hiko koiora me te matū koiora, e āhei ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whai hua i roto i te pūnaha io. Mai i te whakahekenga polarization ki te tuku synaptic, he mahi nui tā ia taahiraa ki te whakarite i te urupare tere me te tika o te tinana ki ngā whakaoho. Kei te haere tonu ngā whanaketanga hou o te rangahau me te hangarau ki te whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua o tēnei tukanga e kore e pupuri noa i te ora engari e akiaki ana hoki i te auahatanga i roto i ngā momo mara pūtaiao me te hauora. Mā te mārama me te whakahaere i tēnei tukanga ka huaki te whānuitanga o ngā mea ka taea mō te whanaketanga o ngā maimoatanga me ngā hangarau ā muri ake nei ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga tangata.
