Ngā Tikanga Nekehanga: Te Mārama ki ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Nekehanga i roto i te Koiora me te Hangarau
He āhuatanga taketake te nekehanga i roto i te taiao, e kitea ana mai i te taumata moroiti ki te taumata makroskopi. He mea nui te nekehanga i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā, i roto i te koiora me te hangarau. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā tikanga nekehanga i roto i ngā mara pūtaiao me ngā mara mahi. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakamārama i ngā tikanga nekehanga e puta ana i roto i te horopaki o te koiora me te hangarau, me pēhea hoki te hononga me te pānga o ēnei mara e rua ki a rāua anō.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Tikanga Nekehanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te tautuhi i te nekehanga hei panonitanga o te tūranga o tētahi mea e pā ana ki tētahi pūwāhi tohutoro motuhake i roto i tētahi wā. I roto i te horopaki o te ahupūngao, ka taea te whakaahua me te tātari i te nekehanga mā te whakamahi i ngā ture nekehanga a Newton. Heoi, ina matapakihia e tātou ngā tikanga nekehanga i roto i ngā mea ora, i ngā taputapu hangarau rānei, ka uru atu tātou ki tētahi ao matatini ake e uru ana ki ngā tukanga matū koiora me te hangarau.
I roto i te koiora, kāore te nekehanga e tohu tonu i te huri i te wāhi. Hei tauira, ko ngā nekehanga moroiti pēnei i te whakahekenga uaua, te rere o te cytoplasm i roto i ngā pūtau, tae atu ki ngā nekehanga ngota i roto i ngā tukanga whākōkī ka kiia hoki he nekehanga. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā tikanga nekehanga i roto i te hangarau he maha ake te hononga ki ngā taputapu, ki ngā mīhini rānei i hangaia hei mahi i ngā nekehanga motuhake, pēnei i te karetao, te kawe waka, me ētahi atu taputapu hiko.
Te Tikanga Nekehanga i roto i te Koiora
1. Nekehanga Waea
I te taumata pūtau, he maha ngā wā ka uru te anga pūtau ki te nekehanga, he anga pūtau i titoa mai i ngā miro pūmua. He mahi tā ngā microtubules, ngā microfilaments, me ngā miro takawaenga ki te pupuri i te hanganga pūtau me te whakahohe i ngā nekehanga pūtau pērā i te endocytosis, te exocytosis, me te cytokinesis. Hei tauira, i te wā mitosis, he mahi tā ngā microtubules ki te wehenga o ngā chromosome.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei reira te nekehanga ngota e whakahaerehia ana e ngā pūmua nekeneke pērā i te kinesin me te dynein, e kawe ana i ngā vesicles, i ngā organelles rānei i roto i ngā microtubules i roto i ngā pūtau. Ka hurihia e ēnei pūmua te pūngao matū mai i te ATP hei mahi miihini, he rite ki te mahi a ngā mīhini i te taumata ngota.
2. Te Nekehanga i roto i ngā Kararehe
I roto i ngā kararehe, ko ngā nekehanga uaua ake he mahi tahi i waenga i te pūnaha io me te pūnaha uaua. Ko ngā uaua o te tinana he mea hanga mai i ngā muka ka taea te whakawhāiti hei whakautu ki te whakaoho hiko mai i te pūnaha io. Mā ngā whakawhāititanga uaua angaanga ka puta he nekehanga tinana e kitea ana, mai i te hikoi ki te oma.
Ka mahi ngā uaua mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te ariā miro retireti, arā, ka paheke ngā miro actin me te myosin i roto i ngā muka uaua tetahi ki tetahi hei whakapoto i te muka i te wā e whakapoto ana. Ka whakahaerehia tēnei tūranga e ngā tohu mai i te pūnaha io e whakaoho ana i te tukunga o ngā iona konupūmā, ā, ka whakaoho i te taunekeneke i waenga i te actin me te myosin.
3. Te Nekehanga i roto i ngā Tipu
Ahakoa te āhua kore e nekeneke, ka mahi anō hoki ngā tipu i ngā nekehanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā nekehanga nastic me ngā tropism. Ko ngā nekehanga nastic, pērā i te katinga o ngā rau mimosa, te puāwaitanga rānei o ngā putiputi rā, kāore e pā ki te ahunga o te whakaohooho. He rerekē, ko ngā tropism he nekehanga tipu e whakatauhia ana te ahunga o te nekehanga e te ahunga o te whakaohooho, pērā i te phototropism (nekehanga ki te mārama) te gravitropism rānei (nekehanga ki te kaha ā-papa).
Ngā Tikanga Nekehanga i roto i te Hangarau
1. Nekehanga Ā-Mīhini
Ko te nekehanga ā-mīhini i roto i te hangarau e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga neke o ngā mīhini. Ko ngā pūnaha wira me te toki, ngā rīwhi, me ngā pūrei ētahi tauira taketake e whakamahi ana i ngā mātāpono ā-mīhini hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te nekehanga. I roto i ngā waka, ka hurihia te nekehanga ā-mīhini mā roto i te miihini, e huri ai te wahie hei pūngao nekeneke.
2. Robotics
He mara e tino awehia ana te mahi karetao e te mārama ki ngā tikanga nekehanga. Kua hangaia ngā karetao hei mahi i ngā mahi motuhake mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakaoho e whai ana i te whakahekenga uaua. Ka hurihia e ēnei kaiwhakaoho ngā tohu hiko hei nekehanga ā-tinana. He mahi nui tā te pūnaha whakahaere i roto i te karetao ki te whakarite i ngā nekehanga i te wā tūturu, e āhei ai te karetao ki te urutau ki tōna taiao.
3. Ngā Pūnaha Hiko-Mīhini Moroiti (MEMS)
He hangarau te MEMS e whakakotahi ana i ngā huānga miihini me ngā huānga hiko i te tauine maikorone. E whakamahia ana ēnei i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, tae atu ki ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakaoho, me ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Mā te MEMS ka taea te whakauru i te nekehanga i te tauine iti ake i te mea e taea ana e ngā pūnaha miihini tuku iho, ka whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te auahatanga i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā mara hangarau.
Te Whakaurunga o te Nekehanga Koiora me te Hangarau
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te mārama ki ngā tikanga nekehanga i roto i te koiora me te hangarau ka hangaia he whai wāhitanga nui ki te hoahoa koiora. Ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini te whai i ngā pūnaha nekehanga koiora hei hoahoa i ngā taputapu, i ngā pūnaha rānei e whai hua ake ana. Hei tauira, kua whai ngā miihini i te huarahi e rere ai ngā manu hei whakawhanake i ngā waka rererangi e kaha ake ana te rere, i te huarahi rānei e kauhoe ai ngā ika hei hanga waka raro i te wai e whai hua ake ana.
Ko te rongoā koiora tētahi atu wāhanga e whai pānga nui ana te whakaurunga o te nekehanga koiora me te hangarau. Ko ngā whakaurunga hauora, ngā prosthetics e whakahaeretia ana e te pūnaha io, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki hauora matatau he tauira ēnei o te whakamahinga o tō tātou māramatanga ki te nekehanga hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga tangata.
Whakamutunga
He āhuatanga uaua ngā tikanga nekehanga, i roto i te koiora me te hangarau, e uru ana ki ngā taunekeneke o ngā wāhanga me ngā tukanga maha. I roto i te koiora, he mea nui te nekehanga i roto i te oranga o ngā rauropi, mai i ngā nekehanga pūtau ki te nekehanga o te rauropi katoa. I roto i te hangarau, nā tō tātou māramatanga ki te nekehanga i āhei ai tātou ki te hanga mīhini me ngā taputapu hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te kounga o te oranga.
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, ka whakaratohia e ngā mahi tahi a te koiora me te hangarau he huarahi hou hei whakaoti rapanga. Mā te mārama ake ki ngā tikanga nekehanga, ka pana tonu tātou i ngā rohe o tō tātou māramatanga, ka waihanga hoki i ngā otinga auaha, whakamīharo, me te whai hua mō te oranga tangata me ngā pūnaha rauropi o Papatūānuku.
