Ngā Ira-ira: Ngā Hanganga Matua i roto i te Ira
He hanganga matotoru ngā ira-kōmona kei roto i te pūtake o ngā pūtau eukaryotic e kawe ana i ngā mōhiohio ira i roto i te āhua o te DNA. He ira-kōmona kei ia rauropi ora he pūtake (eukaryotic), tae atu ki te tangata, te kararehe, te tipu, me te harore. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā ira-kōmona, tae atu ki tōna hanganga, te mahi, me te hiranga ki te koiora me te hauora o te tangata.
Hanganga o te ira-ira
I roto i te hanganga, ka taea te whakaahua i ngā ira-kōromōhio hei miro roa i hangaia mai i te DNA e takai ana i ngā pūmua e kiia nei ko ngā histone. Ka hangaia ngātahitia e te DNA me ngā histone he matatini e mōhiotia ana ko te chromatin. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i te wā e wehea ana te pūtau, ka whakapūmauhia tēnei ira-kōromōhio ka hanga i ngā ira-kōromōhio kiato ake ka kitea i raro i te karuārai.
E rua ngā ringa o ia ira-kōrome e honoa ana ki waenganui e te centromere. E tiakina ana ngā pito o ngā ira-kōrome e ngā hanganga e kiia nei ko ngā telomere. Ko te mahi a ngā telomere he ārai i te kino, i te hanumi rānei ki ētahi atu ira-kōrome. I te wā o te wehenga pūtau, he mahi nui tā ngā telomere ki te pupuri i te pono o ngā mōhiohio ira.
Te Mahi a ngā Ira-Ira
Ko te mahi matua a ngā ira-ira he penapena me te tuku i ngā mōhiohio ira mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. He rārangi te whakaritenga o ngā ira kei roto i ngā ira-ira, ā, kei roto i ia ira ngā tohutohu mō te hanga i ngā pūmua e tika ana mō te mahi koiora. Kātahi ka whai wāhi ēnei pūmua ki ngā mahi pūtau maha, ā, ka whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te āhua o ngā rauropi.
I roto i te tangata, e 23 ngā takirua ira, ko tētahi huinga i ahu mai i te whaea, ko tētahi i ahu mai i te pāpā, ā, e 46 katoa ngā ira. Ko te takirua ira 23 te mea e whakatau ana i te ira tangata o te tangata, ko te XX te hua o te wahine, ko te XY te hua o te tāne.
Ngā Ira Pūtau me te Wehenga Pūtau
He mea nui te mahi a ngā ira-kōromō i te wā o te wehenga pūtau, arā, te mitosis me te meiosis. I te wā o te mitosis, e puta pinepine ana mō te tipu, te whakaora rānei o te kiko, ka tāruatia, ka wehea hoki ngā ira-kōromō kia tino whiwhi ia pūtau tamahine i te tārua tika o ōna mōhiohio ira.
Ko te meiosis ia, he momo wehenga pūtau e puta ana i roto i ngā pūtau ira, ka puta he gametes pērā i ngā hua manu me ngā parāoa he haurua noa iho te maha o ngā chromosomes (haploid). Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakakotahitanga ira, he mea nui mō te rerekētanga ira o ngā uri.
Ngā Ira Tangata me te Mate Tangata
Ka taea e ngā taurite kore o te maha, te hanganga rānei o ngā ira te whakaputa i ngā momo mate hauora. Ko tētahi o ngā mate e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga ira ko te Down syndrome, e puta mai ana i te noho mai o tētahi tārua tāpiri o te ira 21. Ko te hua o tēnei mate ko ētahi āhuatanga tinana me te whakaroa i te whanaketanga hinengaro.
Ko ētahi atu mate ko te Turner's Syndrome, te Klinefelter's Syndrome, me ngā momo mate pukupuku rerekē, ka puta ai ngā huringa ira tangata i roto i te ahua o ngā whakarerekētanga tinana, ā, ka hua ake he tipu pūtau kāore e taea te whakahaere.
Ngā Rangahau me ngā Whanaketanga i roto i ngā Akoranga ira-ira
He nui ngā takoha a te rangahau ira tangata ki ngā mara o te koiora me te rongoā ira. Nā te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga pēnei i te karyotyping, te FISH (Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization), me te raupapatanga ira tangata, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te kite ngāwari ake i ngā hapa ira tangata me te mārama ki ō rātou pānga koiora.
Kua maherehia e te Kaupapa Ira Tangata nui ngā ira katoa o te DNA tangata, tae atu ki te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te hanganga me te mahi a ngā ira. Nā tēnei i whakatakoto te ara mō te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā whaiaro ake, whai hua ake hoki, tae atu ki te mate pukupuku me ngā mate ira.
Te Anamata o te Rangahau ira-ira
I runga i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā huarahi hou i roto i te koiora ngota, he tino whai hua te heke mai o te rangahau ira. Hei tauira, ko te kaha mō te whakatika ira mā te whakamahi i te hangarau CRISPR-Cas9 e tuku ana i te tumanako ki te aro tika ki ngā hapa ira e puta ai te mate.
Heoi, me tēnei pūmanawa nui ka puta mai ngā momo wero matatika. Ka pā mai pea ngā hua kāore i te whakaarohia i te whakahaere ira o te pūnaha ira, nō reira me aro nui ki ngā tikanga matatika me te whakahaere tika. He mea nui kia taurite te ahunga whakamua o te pūtaiao me ngā whakaaro matatika kia tika ai te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau ira.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga matua o te koiora ngā ira-ira, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te penapena me te tuku i ngā mōhiohio ira. Nā te mōhiotanga ki ngā ira-ira kua huaki ngā tatau maha ki te mārama ki te pūtake koiora o te ora me te mate. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka taea e tātou te tumanako ki ngā kitenga hou ka taea te whakapai ake i te hauora me te oranga o te tangata. Heoi, me whakahaere tēnei haerenga me ngā whakaaro matatika me te mōhio ki tōna pānga ki te hapori.
