Taurite Gini: Te Ine i te Tauritekore Ōhanga i roto i te Hapori
Pendahuluan
Ko te tauwehenga Gini tētahi o ngā taputapu tatauranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei ine i te kore taurite o te whiwhinga moni, te tohatoha taonga rānei i roto i te taupori. Nā te tohunga tatauranga Itari a Corrado Gini i whakauru i te tau 1912, ā, kua noho hei paearu nui i roto i te tātari ōhanga me te pāpori, inā koa i roto i te aromatawai i te ōritetanga me ngā kaupapa here oranga hapori.
Ngā Ariā me ngā Tātai
Ko te tauwehenga Gini e whakaatuhia ana hei tau i waenga i te 0 me te 1, ahakoa ka taea hoki te whakaatu hei ōrau i waenga i te 0 me te 100. Ko te uara o te 0 e tohu ana i te ōritetanga tino tika, arā, he ōrite te whiwhinga moni a ia tangata, ia whare rānei. I tetahi atu taha, ko te uara o te 1 e tohu ana i te kore ōritetanga tino tika, arā, kotahi te tangata, tetahi whare rānei e whakahaere ana i ngā whiwhinga moni katoa, i ngā taonga rānei. Mā te pāngarau, ka tatauhia te tauwehenga Gini mā te whakataurite i te horahanga i raro i te pihi Lorenz, e tohu ana i te tohatoha katoa o te whiwhinga moni.
E whakaatu ana te kōpiko Lorenz i te ōrau tāpiri o te moni whiwhi e whiwhihia ana e te ōrau tāpiri o te taupori. Ko te tawhiti atu o te kōpiko Lorenz i te rārangi ōritetanga (ko te rārangi hauroki e tohu ana i te tohatoha tino tika), ko te nui ake o te kore taurite i roto i taua hapori.
Tikanga Tātai
Hei mārama ki te ine i te tauwehenga Gini, me titiro tātou ki te āhua o tana tatau. Ko tētahi huarahi ki te tatau i te tauwehenga Gini ko te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
G = 1 – 2 ∫(L(p)) dp
ko G te tauwehenga Gini, ko L(p) te pihi Lorenz, ā, ko p te ōrau o te taupori. He maha ngā wā ka mahia ngā tataunga mahi mā te whakarite i ngā whiwhinga moni takitahi, whare rānei kia piki ake, kātahi ka tatau i tō rātou tohatohanga tāpiripiri.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga o te Tauwehenga Gini
I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ka whakamahia te tauwehenga Gini hei tohu hei aromatawai i te tika o te ōhanga, hei āwhina hoki i te whakatakoto kaupapa here tūmatanui. Mā te uara nui ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakatenatena i a rātou ki te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa here tohatoha taonga, pērā i te taake ahu whakamua, te tautoko rānei ki ngā rōpū iti te moni whiwhi, hei whakawhāiti i te āputa ōhanga.
I roto i te horopaki o te ao, ka taea e te tauwehenga Gini te āwhina i te whakatairite i te kore taurite i waenga i ngā whenua. Hei tauira, ko ngā whenua Nordic pēnei i a Nōwei me Huitene he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia he iti ngā tauwehenga Gini nā ā rātou pūnaha pāpori e tautoko ana i te oranga me te tohatoha moni whiwhi. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā whenua whakawhanake, ko ngā whenua rānei e pāngia ana e ngā raruraru ōhanga, ka whakaatuhia pea he nui ake ngā tauwehenga Gini nā te kore taurite o te tohatoha rauemi.
Ngā Take e Whakatupu Ana i te Tauritekore
He maha ngā āhuatanga ka whai wāhi ki te taumata o te kore taurite i roto i te hapori, ā, ka pā tika tēnei ki te tauwehenga Gini. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui ko:
1. Mātauranga: Mā te kore ōrite o te urunga atu ki te mātauranga kounga ka rerekē te kaha ki te whiwhi mahi tika, ā, ka piki ake te kore ōrite o te whiwhinga moni.
2. Ngā Mahi me ngā Utu: Mā te kore taurite o te mākete mahi e pā ana ki te tuku me te tono ka ara ake he rerekētanga nui o ngā utu i waenga i ngā rāngai.
3. Kaupapahere Taake me te Tohatoha Anō: Mā te pūnaha taake kore-whakamua me te kore o ngā whakawhiti utu pāpori ka whānui ake te āputa moni whiwhi i roto i te hapori.
4. Te Uru ki te Pūtea me te Nama: Mā te āheinga ki te uru atu ki te pūtea pakihi me te nama ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga me te taonga, kāore nei e rite te wātea ki ngā taumata katoa o te hapori.
Te Pānga o te Tauritekore
Ko te nui o te kore taurite i roto i tētahi whenua, i tētahi rohe rānei, ehara i te mea he pānga ōhanga anake engari he pānga pāpori me te tōrangapū anō hoki. Ko ētahi o ēnei pānga ko:
– Te Pūmautanga Hapori me te Tōrangapū: Ka taea e te kore taurite nui te whakaoho i te koretake o te hapori, ka arahi ki te raruraru, ki te kore pumau rānei o te tōrangapū. Ka taea e tēnei te aukati i te tipu ōhanga mō te wā roa.
– Ngā Ārai i te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga: Mēnā he nui te kore taurite, ka arohia te whakapaunga ki ngā rōpū rangatira, ka aukati i te whanaketanga o te mākete ā-rohe, koia nei te pūkaha o te tipu ōhanga.
– Te Whakangaromanga o te Whakawhirinakitanga Hapori: Ka taea e te āputa whānui i waenganui i te hunga whai rawa me te hunga rawakore te whakaiti i te wairua o te kotahitanga hapori, te whakangaro hoki i ngā whatunga hapori me te whakawhirinakitanga i waenganui i ngā tāngata.
Ngā Mahi hei Whakaiti i te Tauritekore
Ko te whakatika i te kore taurite me whai rautaki whānui me ngā kaupapa here pumau. Ko ētahi o ngā mahi ka taea ko:
– Mātauranga Kounga me te Utu Whaitake: Mā te whakapai ake i te urunga atu me te kounga o te mātauranga ka nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga ōrite me te whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga whiwhinga moni ā muri ake nei.
– Ngā Kaupapa Here Whakahou Taake me te Tohatoha Anō: Mā te whakauru i tētahi pūnaha taake ahu whakamua me te whakanui ake i ngā whakawhiti pāpori me ngā tautoko ka āwhina i te tohatoha anō i ngā moni whiwhi.
– Te Whakamana Ōhanga me te Uru ki te Whiwhinga Nama: Mā te tautoko i ngā pakihi iti me te rahi, me te whakarato i te urunga whānui ki te nama me te whakapaipai pakihi, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ōhanga ki ētahi rōpū ruarua.
– Te Whakapakari i te Haumaru Hapori: Ka taea e tētahi pūnaha haumarutanga hapori kaha te tiaki i ngā rōpū iti te whiwhi moni mai i ngā ohorere ōhanga me te tautoko i te pumau hapori.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu nui te tauwehenga Gini hei ine me te mārama ki te kore taurite ōhanga i roto i tētahi whenua, i tētahi rohe rānei. Nā tōna uara e awe ana i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga me te pāpori, mā te tātaritanga mā te whakamahi i te tauwehenga Gini ka kitea he māramatanga hōhonu ki te āhua o te ōritetanga i roto i tētahi hapori. Ahakoa he uaua ngā wero, mā ngā rautaki tika me te whakapau kaha ki te ao tōrangapū, ka taea te whakaiti i te kore taurite, ka hangaia he hapori tika ake, he hapori whai rawa ake mō te katoa.
