Ubudlelwano bukaNewton: Ukuqonda Kwasekuqaleni Kokunyakaza kanye Nokudonsela Phansi
I-Pendahuluan
U-Isaac Newton, omunye wososayensi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni, wasungula imibono eyashintsha ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke. Umsebenzi wakhe obalulekile, i-“Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,” owanyatheliswa ngo-1687, wethula imithetho yokunyakaza kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo yonke. Nakuba umqondo wokuhlobana, njengoba waziwa kakhulu namuhla, uvame ukuhlotshaniswa no-Albert Einstein, umqondo wokuhlobana empeleni waqala ukwenziwa ngokomthetho ngokomongo wezindlela zakudala nguNewton. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izimiso zikaNewton zokuhlobana, imiphumela yazo ekuqondeni ukunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi, nokuthi le mibono iguquke kanjani kuze kube sesikhathini sokuhlobana kuka-Einstein.
Imithetho Yokunyakaza KaNewton
Imithetho kaNewton yokunyakaza iyisisekelo sezindlela zakudala futhi iqukethe imithetho emithathu echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kokunyakaza kwento namandla asebenza kuyo. Le mithetho emithathu yile:
1. Umthetho Wokuqala KaNewton (Umthetho Wokungabi Nandaba):
"Yonke into izohlala iphumule noma ihamba ngesivinini esingaguquki emgqeni oqondile ngaphandle kokuthi amandla angaphandle athathe isinyathelo sokushintsha leso simo."
Lo mthetho ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokungaguquguquki, ukuthambekela kwento ekulondolozeni isimo sayo sokunyakaza. Ngokwesimo sokuhlobana, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ngeke kushintshe ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswe amandla.
2. Umthetho Wesibili KaNewton:
"Ukusheshisa kwento kuhambelana ngqo namandla asebenza kuyo futhi kuhambisana ngokuphambene nobunzima bayo. Ngokwezibalo, lokhu kuvezwa njengo-F = ma."
Lapha, amandla (F) angumkhiqizo wesisindo (m) kanye nokusheshisa (a). Lo mthetho ubonisa indlela ukunyakaza kwento okungashintshwa ngayo ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngokwesimo sokuhlobana, lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla asebenza entweni azoshintsha ukunyakaza kwayo okuhlobene.
3. Umthetho Wesithathu KaNewton:
"Isenzo ngasinye sizoveza ukusabela okulinganayo nokuphambene."
Lo mthetho uchaza ukuthi amandla ahlala ekhona ngamabili. Uma into A isebenzisa amandla entweni B, khona-ke into B izosebenzisa amandla alinganayo kodwa aphambene entweni A. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenzisana kwezinto ohlelweni oluvaliwe.
Umthetho kaNewton wokudonsa komhlaba wonke
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke uthi yonke inhlayiya endaweni yonke idonsela yonke enye inhlayiya ngamandla alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wobuningi bezinhlayiya ezimbili futhi alingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwazo. Ngokwezibalo, lo mthetho uchazwa kanje:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \]
Di mana:
– \( F \) amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezimbili.
– \( G \) kuyinto engaguquki yendawo yonke.
– \( m_1 \) kanye \( m_2 \) yizinqwaba zezinhlayiya ezimbili.
– \( r \) ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhungo zobunzima bezinhlayiya ezimbili.
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi unikeza isisekelo sokuqonda izenzakalo ezifana nokujikeleza kwamaplanethi kanye nokunyakaza kwezinto ezisebusweni boMhlaba. Uphinde udlale indima ebalulekile emqondweni kaNewton wokuhlobana, njengoba amandla adonsela phansi kungamandla athinta ukunyakaza kwezinto ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi.
Ubudlelwano bukaNewton
Ubudlelwano bukaNewton, noma ngokunembile, isimiso sikaNewton sokuhlobana, umqondo wokuthi imithetho yefiziksi esebenza ohlakeni olulodwa lokubhekisela olungenawo ugesi iyasebenza nakuzo zonke ezinye izinhlaka zokubhekisela ezingenawo ugesi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ayikho ifreyimu ekhethekile yokubhekisela enganawo ugesi; yonke imithetho yokunyakaza isebenza ngokulinganayo kunoma yiluphi uhlaka oluhamba ngesivinini esingaguquki maqondana nomunye nomunye.
Isimiso Sokuhlobana Kwakudala
Isimiso sikaNewton sokuhlobana singafingqwa kanje:
– Ukuguqulwa kweGalile: Izilinganiso zokunyakaza ohlakeni lokubhekisela olungenawo amandla zingaguqulwa kusuka kolunye uhlaka ziye kolunye uhlaka oluhambayo uma kuqhathaniswa nolokuqala ngejubane elingaguquki ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo sezilinganiso.
Ukuguqulwa kweGalilean kuchaza indlela ama-coordinates esikhala nesikhathi ashintsha ngayo phakathi kwamafreyimu amabili okubhekisela kwe-inertial. Ake sithi kunezinhlaka ezimbili zokubhekisela ze-inertial, u-S no-S', lapho u-S' ehamba khona ngesivinini esingaguquki \( v \) uma kuqhathaniswa no-S. Uma \( (x, y, z, t) \) kuyizixhumanisi kufreyimu S kanye \( (x', y', z', t') \) kuyizixhumanisi kufreyimu S', khona-ke ukuguqulwa kweGalilean kungachazwa kanje:
\[ x' = x – vt \]
\[ y' = y \]
\[ z' = z \]
\[t' = t \]
Lolu shintsho lubonisa ukuthi isikhathi siphelele futhi sifana kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokubhekisela ze-inertial, okuwumbono oyisisekelo ku-mechanics yakudala.
Imiphumela Yokuhlobana KukaNewton
Ubudlelwano bukaNewton bunemiphumela eminingana ebalulekile ku-physics yakudala:
1. I-Inertia kanye Nokunyakaza Okuhlobene:
Into ehamba ngesivinini esingaguquki kolunye uhlaka lwereferensi olungenantambo izohlala ihamba ngesivinini esingaguquki kolunye uhlaka lwereferensi olungenantambo, ngokusho kwesimiso sikaNewton sokungabi nantambo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwezinto ezimbili akushintshi ngaphandle kokuba amandla asebenze kuzo.
2. Ukulondolozwa Kwejubane:
Esimweni sokubhekisela esingenasici, umfutho ophelele wesistimu evaliwe uhlala ungaguquki uma kungekho mandla angaphandle asebenzayo ohlelweni. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo somthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho, okubalulekile ekuqondeni ukushayisana nokusebenzisana kwezinto.
3. Amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokunyakaza kwe-Orbital:
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi usenza sikwazi ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini. Ngokomongo wokuhlobana kweNewton, wonke amaplanethi alalela umthetho ofanayo wamandla adonsela phansi futhi aziphatha ngokwemithetho kaNewton yokunyakaza ezinhlakeni zawo zokubhekisela ezingenalutho.
Ukushintshela Ekuhlobaneni Kuka-Einstein
Nakuba ubudlelwano beNewton bunikeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuqonda ukunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi, babunemingcele. Ezinye izinto, njengejubane eliqhubekayo lokukhanya kanye nemiphumela yokuhlobana ngesivinini esikhulu, azikwazanga ukuchazwa yi-mechanics yakudala yeNewton. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono ka-Albert Einstein yokuhlobana okukhethekile nokujwayelekile ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Ubudlelwano Obukhethekile
Umbono ka-Einstein okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto, owasungulwa ngo-1905, ubuyekeze imibono eminingana eyisisekelo ye-mechanics yaseNewtonian. Esinye sezinkolelo zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenamuntu lihlala njalo futhi alincikile kwijubane lomqaphi. Lokhu kwaphikisana nombono kaNewton ngesikhathi esiphelele futhi kwaholela emibonweni yokwandiswa kwesikhathi kanye nokuncipha kobude ngesivinini sokuhlobana kwezinto.
Ubudlelwano Okuvamile
Ubudlelwano obujwayelekile, obanyatheliswa ngu-Einstein ngo-1915, bathatha indawo yomthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi ngomqondo wokuthi amandla adonsela phansi ukugoba kwesikhathi nendawo okubangelwa ubunzima namandla. Lo mbono uchaza ngokunembile izenzakalo ezinamandla zamandla adonsela phansi, njengokujikeleza kweplanethi iMercury kanye nemigodi emnyama, umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi ongenakukwazi ukuwuchaza.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlobana kukaNewton, kanye nemithetho yayo yokunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke, kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sefiziksi yakudala eyashintsha ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke. Izimiso zokuhlobana kukaNewton zinikeza umbono ohambisanayo wokunyakaza kanye nokusebenzisana ezisekelweni zokubhekisela ezingenalutho. Nakuba ekugcineni kwathathelwa indawo ukuhlobana kuka-Einstein, ifa likaNewton lihlala liyisisekelo esinamandla sokutadisha nokuqonda izenzakalo zemvelo, kusukela ekunyakazeni kwamaplanethi kuya ekuguqukeni kwansuku zonke.
