Ukuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley
I-Pendahuluan
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umqondo we-ether ekhanyayo, noma nje "i-ether," wawuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezazi zefiziksi. I-ether kwakukholelwa ukuthi iyindlela engabonakali eyayingena endaweni yonke futhi inikeze indlela yokusabalalisa ukukhanya, njengoba nje umoya unikeza indlela yamaza omsindo. Ukuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley, okwenziwe ngo-1887, kwakuhlose ukuthola ukuthi ikhona yini le ether. Imiphumela yabo ayizange nje iphonsele inselelo umqondo we-ether kodwa futhi yavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kombono okhethekile ka-Albert Einstein wokuhlobana. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza isizinda, indlela, imiphumela, kanye nomthelela wokuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley.
Latar Belakang
Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley, izazi zesayensi eziningi ezivelele zazikholelwa ukuthi ukukhanya kudinga indlela yokusabalalisa, njengamanye amagagasi emishini. Lo mqondo we-ether wawubhekwa njengodingekile ukuchaza izakhiwo zokukhanya, okuhlanganisa nokusabalala kwawo nge-vacuum.
Nokho, bekungekho bufakazi bokuhlola obusekela ukuba khona kwe-ether. Ngakho-ke, u-Albert A. Michelson no-Edward W. Morley bazama ukuthola ukunyakaza koMhlaba nge-ether besebenzisa i-interferometer, ithuluzi elakhiwe nguMichelson ngokwakhe.
Indlela yokwenza
I-Michelson Interferometer
I-interferometer eyayisetshenziswa nguMichelson noMorley yayinomthombo wokukhanya owawukhipha ukukhanya esibukweni esingangeni kancane. Lokhu kukhanya kwahlukana kwaba imisebe emibili eqondile futhi kwaboniswa emuva yizibuko ezazibekwe endleleni ngayinye. Imisebe emibili yabe isihlanganiswa kabusha, yakha iphethini yokuphazamiseka ebonakalayo.
Le interferometer ibucayi kakhulu ezinguqukweni ezincane zobude bendlela obuhanjwa umsebe wokukhanya, ngakho-ke kufanele ikwazi ukubona umehluko obangelwa ukunyakaza koMhlaba nge-ether.
Inqubo Yokuhlola
UMichelson noMorley bafaka i-interferometer elabhorethri yabo futhi baqondisa imisebe yokukhanya emibili, eyodwa ihambisana nesiqondiso sokunyakaza koMhlaba nge-ether (babecabanga) kanti enye iqonde ngqo kulolo hlangothi. Bacabanga ukuthi uma i-ether ikhona, ukunyakaza koMhlaba nge-ether kuzobangela umehluko esikhathini sokuhamba kwemisebe yokukhanya emibili, okuholele ekushintsheni okulinganiselwe ephethini yokuphazamiseka.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuqondisa i-interferometer, kwaphindwa izikhathi eziningi unyaka wonke ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinguquko endaweni yoMhlaba maqondana ne-ether.
Imiphumela Yokuhlola
Ngemva kokwenza izilinganiso ezicophelelayo, uMichelson noMorley abatholanga mehluko obalulekile emaphethini okuphazamiseka abonwe. Lo mphumela ukhombisile ukuthi akukho ukunyakaza okubonakalayo koMhlaba uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ether, okuphikisana nombono wabo wokuqala.
Umphumela walolu cwaningo waziwa ngokuthi umphumela ongenalutho, njengoba ungazange unikeze ubufakazi bokuba khona kwe-ether. Lo mphumela wamangaza ososayensi abaningi ngaleso sikhathi futhi waba ngolunye lwezivivinyo ezidumile kakhulu emlandweni wefiziksi.
Imiphumela kanye Nezimpendulo
Umthelela ku-Ether Theory
Ukwehluleka kukaMichelson noMorley ukuthola i-ether kwabangela ukungabaza okukhulu ngokuba khona kwale ndlela. Kwaphakanyiswa imibono eminingi ukuchaza imiphumela engenalutho, okuhlanganisa nomqondo we-ether eboshelwe eMhlabeni, noma ukufinyela kobude yizazi zefiziksi uGeorge FitzGerald noHendrik Lorentz.
Ukuncipha kwe-Lorentz-FitzGerald
UFitzGerald noLorentz basikisela ukuthi izinto ezihamba nge-ether zithola ukufinyela kobude endleleni yazo yokunyakaza, ngaleyo ndlela zilinganise izikhathi zokuhamba kokukhanya kuzo zombili izindlela ze-interferometer. Lo mbono, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction hypothesis, unikeze incazelo engahleliwe eyasindisa okwesikhashana umqondo we-ether.
Iminikelo kuMfundiso Wokuhlobana
U-Albert Einstein, eqaphela imiphumela yokuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley, wasungula inkolelo-mbono ekhethekile yokuhlobana ngo-1905. Le nkolelo-mbono yasusa isidingo se-ether ngokucabanga ukuthi ijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho lihlala njalo futhi liyafana kubo bonke ababukeli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahamba kanjani. Ukuhlobana okukhethekile kwanikeza incazelo ehambisanayo nenhle yemiphumela yokuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley ngaphandle kwesidingo se-ether medium.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolwa
Ukuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley kwaphawula ushintsho olukhulu emlandweni wefiziksi. Ezinye zezinto ezibalulekile zalolu cwaningo yilezi:
1. Ukuphonsela Inselelo Umqondo We-Ether:
Lokhu kuhlola kunikeze ubufakazi obuqinile ngokumelene nokuba khona kwe-ether, kwaphoqa ososayensi ukuba bacabange kabusha ngezisekelo zenkolelo-mbono yamagagasi okukhanya kanye ne-electromagnetic.
2. Khuthaza Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuhlobana:
Umphumela ongenalutho walolu vivinyo wawungenye yezinto ezashukumisela u-Einstein ukuba athuthukise inkolelo-mbono ekhethekile yokuhlobana kwezinto, eyashintsha ukuqonda kwethu isikhala nesikhathi.
3. Indlela Yokuhlola:
Indlela ye-interferometric eyasungulwa nguMichelson iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izivivinyo eziningi zesayensi, okuhlanganisa nokutholakala kwamagagasi adonsela phansi yi-LIGO interferometer ngo-2015.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wefiziksi. Ngokuhlola ukuba khona kwe-ether nokuthola umphumela ongenalutho, lokhu kuhlolwa kwaphonsela inselelo indlela yesayensi eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi futhi kwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kuka-Einstein kokuhlobana okukhethekile. Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlolwa ayigcinanga nje ngokunyakazisa izisekelo zokuqonda kwethu ukukhanya kanye nendlela yokusakazeka kwayo kodwa futhi yabangela ushintsho olukhulu kwifiziksi yethiyori eyasisondeza ekuqondeni kwethu kwanamuhla kwendawo yonke.
Lokhu kuhlola kusikhumbuza ukubaluleka kokuqinisekiswa kokuhlola kwisayensi nokuthi imiphumela engalindelekile ingaholela kanjani ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekuqondeni kwesayensi. Ngokususa isidingo se-ether, ukuhlolwa kukaMichelson noMorley kwasiza ekuletheni inkathi entsha kwifiziksi eqhubeka nanamuhla.
