I-Entropy

Indaba ye-Entropy

Engxoxweni edlule, sifunde izitatimende eziningana ezithile zomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zitatimende ezithile zingachaza kuphela izinqubo ezithile ezingaguquki. Isitatimende sikaClausius sichaza kuphela ukudluliselwa kokushisa kanye nobudlelwano baso nesimiso sokusebenza samafriji. Izitatimende zikaKelvin noPlanck zihlobene nesimiso sokusebenza sezinjini zokushisa . Empeleni, lezi zitatimende ezimbili zihlobene nokudluliselwa kokushisa. Kunezinye izinqubo eziningi ezingaguquki ezingenakuchazwa kusetshenziswa lezi zitatimende ezimbili.

Funda kabanzi

Umshini wokupholisa

Izihloko mayelana neMishini Yokuqandisa

Isiqandisi siyinjini yokushisa esebenza ngokuphambene. Ngakho-ke, injini yokushisa ithatha ukushisa kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi bese ikulahla ikuyise esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuze le nqubo yenzeke, injini kumele yenze umsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, ukushisa ngokwemvelo kugeleza kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi. Ukushisa akukwazi ukugeleza ngokwakho kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu. Lokhu kuhambisana nesitatimende sikaClausius okukhulunywe ngaso ngaphambilini. Ngenqubo eyenzeka esiqandisini, isitatimende sangaphambilini sikaClausius singabhalwa kanje:

Funda kabanzi

Umjikelezo wenjini ye-Carnot

Isihloko mayelana nomjikelezo wenjini yeCarnot

Ukuze athole ukuthi angayandisa kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa, usosayensi waseFrance ogama lakhe linguSadi Carnot (1796-1832) wafunda injini yokushisa efanele ngokwemfundiso ngo-1824. Ngaleso sikhathi, umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics wawungakakhiwa, noma umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Umthetho wokuqala wawungakakhiwa ngoba ososayensi babengakazi ukuthi ukushisa kungamandla. Ngemva kokuba uJoule nabangani bakhe benze izivivinyo ngawo-1830, ososayensi babazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukushisa kungamandla adluliselwa ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa. Ngakho umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics wakhiwa ngemva kuka-1830. USadi Carnot wayefunde injini yokushisa efanele ngokwemfundiso ngo-1824. Ucwaningo alwenza empeleni lwaluwukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini zomusi ezazisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. Izinjini eziningi zomusi ngaleso sikhathi zazingasebenzi kahle.

Funda kabanzi

Umthetho Wesibili We-Thermodynamics

Isihloko ngoMthetho Wesibili We-Thermodynamics

Zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo zenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela kodwa azikwazi ukwenzeka ohlangothini oluphambene, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinqubo ezingaguquki. Ngemva kokukhululwa esiqwini salo bese ziwela phansi ngokukhululeka , umango awuphinde uqhubeke uye phezulu. Incwadi esiyicindezelayo bese siyima ayiphinde ibuyele kithi. Uma sithinta into eshisa kakhulu (into eshisayo) ngento eshisa kakhulu (into ebandayo), ukushisa kugeleza ngokwemvelo kusuka entweni eshisa kakhulu kuya entweni eshisa kakhulu. Asikaze sibone inqubo ephambene, lapho ukushisa ngokwemvelo kuhamba kusuka entweni ebandayo kuya entweni eshisayo. Uma le nqubo yenzeka, khona-ke into ebandayo ingabanda kakhulu, kuyilapho into eshisayo ingabanda kakhulu. Kodwa empeleni, akunjalo. Kunezinqubo eziningi ezingaguquki ezibonakala zihlukile komunye nomunye, kodwa zonke zihilela izinguquko ngesimo samandla kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka kwenye into kuya kwenye.

Funda kabanzi

Ukusetshenziswa koMthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics ezinqubweni eziningana ze-Thermodynamic

Isihloko mayelana nokusetshenziswa koMthetho Wokuqala we-Thermodynamics ezinqubweni eziningana ze-Thermodynamic

Ngaphambilini, sixoxe ngoMthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics futhi sahlaziya umsebenzi owenziwa uhlelo. Kulokhu, sizohlola ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa uMthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics ezinqubweni ezine ze-thermodynamic. Izinqubo ezine ze-thermodynamic okukhulunywa ngazo yi-isothermal, i-isochoric, i-isobaric, kanye ne-adiabatic. La magama asuselwa esiGrekini.

Inqubo ye-Isothermal (izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo)

Okokuqala, ake sibukeze ukusetshenziswa komthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics enqubweni ye-isothermal. Enqubweni ye-isothermal, izinga lokushisa lesistimu ligcinwa lingaguquguquki. Uhlelo esiluhlaziya ngokwethiyori luyigesi efanelekile. Izinga lokushisa legesi efanelekile lilingana ngqo namandla angaphakathi egesi efanelekile (U = 3/2 nRT). Njengoba i-T ihlala ingaguquki, i-U nayo ihlala ingaguquki. Ngakho-ke, uma isetshenziswa enqubweni ye-isothermal, isibalo somthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics siba:

Funda kabanzi

Umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla

Isihloko mayelana noMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwamandla

Izinhlobo zamandla

Empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamandla. Esihlokweni somsebenzi namandla, sethulwe ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zamandla omshini: amandla angasethwa kanye namandla e-kinetic . Amandla angasethwa aqukethe izinhlobo eziningana, okuhlanganisa amandla adonsela phansi, amandla okunwebeka, kanye namandla kagesi . Amandla e-kinetic aqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili: amandla e-kinetic okuhumusha kanye namandla e-kinetic okujikeleza.

Umango omnandi, ovuthiwe unamandla adonsela phansi njengoba ulenga esiqwini sawo. Kwenzeka into efanayo uma usekuphakameni okuthile ngaphezu komhlabathi, isibonelo, ophahleni. Into inamandla adonsela phansi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo uma iqhathaniswa noMhlaba.

Funda kabanzi

Umthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics

Umthetho Wokuqala Wezinto Ezisetshenziswa Yi-Thermodynamics

Inqubo ye-Thermodynamic

Ukushisa (Q) amandla asuka entweni eyodwa aye kwenye ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa. Ngokuphathelene nohlelo kanye nendawo ezungezile, ukushisa kungathiwa amandla asuka ohlelweni aye endaweni ezungezile noma amandla asuka endaweni ezungezile aye ohlelweni ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lohlelo liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lokusingqongileyo, ukushisa kuzogeleza kusuka ohlelweni kuye endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma izinga lokushisa lokusingqongileyo liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lohlelo, ukushisa kuzogeleza kusuka endaweni ezungezile kuye ohlelweni.

Uma Ukushisa (Q) kuhlobene nokudluliselwa kwamandla ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa, khona-ke Umsebenzi (W) uhlobene nokudluliselwa kwamandla okwenzeka ngezindlela zemishini. Isibonelo, uma uhlelo lusebenza endaweni ezungezile, khona-ke amandla azohamba ngokuzenzakalelayo esuka ohlelweni aye endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma indawo ezungezile isebenza ohlelweni, khona-ke amandla azohamba esuka endaweni ezungezile aye ohlelweni.

Funda kabanzi