I-Entropy

Indaba ye-Entropy

Engxoxweni edlule, sifunde izitatimende eziningana ezithile zomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zitatimende ezithile zingachaza kuphela izinqubo ezithile ezingaguquki. Isitatimende sikaClausius sichaza kuphela ukudluliselwa kokushisa kanye nobudlelwano baso nesimiso sokusebenza sesiqandisi. Izitatimende zikaKelvin noPlanck zihlobene nesimiso sokusebenza sesiqandisi. injini yokushisaEmpeleni, lezi zitatimende ezimbili zihlobene nokudluliselwa kokushisa. Kunezinye izinqubo eziningi ezingalungiseki ezingenakuchazwa kusetshenziswa lezi zitatimende ezimbili.

Isitatimende esiqondile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics asikwazi ukuchaza zonke izinqubo ezingaguquki, ngakho-ke sidinga isitatimende esibanzi kakhulu. Lesi sitatimende esibanzi kulindeleke ukuthi sichaze zonke izinqubo ezingaguquki ezenzeka endaweni yonke. Isitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics sakhiwa kuphela maphakathi nekhulu le-19, ngenani elibizwa ngokuthi i-entropy (S). I-Entropy ingacatshangwa njengesilinganiso sokuphazamiseka. Inani le-entropy laqala ukwethulwa nguClausius futhi latholakala kumjikelezo weCarnot (injini yokushisa ephelele). Ngokusho kukaClausius, ubukhulu boshintsho lwe-entropy olutholwa uhlelo, lapho uhlelo luthola ukushisa okwengeziwe (Q) ekushiseni okungaguquki, luvezwa yi-equation:

I-Entropy inani elichaza isimo esincane kakhulu sesistimu ngakho-ke alinakulinganiswa ngqo. Sihlola kuphela ushintsho ku-entropy. Kufana noshintsho lwamandla ohlelweni. umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics.

Isibonelo sombuzo 1:

Inani legesi esitsheni liyakhula nge-adiabatic. Iyini ushintsho ku-entropy yegesi?

Ingxoxo

Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-adiabatic, akukho ukushisa okungena noma ukuphuma ohlelweni (igesi). Ngoba u-Q = 0 bese kuba ΔS = 0. I-entropy yesistimu ayishintshi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-constant. Kuthiwani ngokucindezela kwe-adiabatic? Ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana. Ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-adiabatic, akukho ukushisa okungena noma okuphumayo ohlelweni (Q = 0). Ngakho-ke, i-entropy yesistimu ayiguquki.

Isibonelo sombuzo 2:

Injini yeCarnot ithola ukushisa okungu-2000 J ku-500 K, iyasebenza futhi yenqaba ukushisa okuthile ku-350 K. Nquma inani lokushisa okwenqatshiwe kanye noshintsho oluphelele lwe-entropy enjinini ngesikhathi somjikelezo owodwa.

Ingxoxo

Uma uhlelo luthola ukushisa, u-Q ulungile, uma uhlelo lukhipha ukushisa, u-Q ulungile. Uhlelo lwalesi simo luyinjini ye-Carnot.

Ngesikhathi somjikelezo owodwa, injini yeCarnot idlula ezinqubweni ezimbili ze-isothermal eziguqukayo (ukwanda kwe-isothermal + ukucindezela kwe-isothermal) kanye nezinqubo ezimbili ze-adiabatic eziguqukayo (ukwanda kwe-adiabatic kanye nokucindezela kwe-adiabatic). Ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokwandisa kanye nokucindezela kwe-adiabatic, akukho ukushisa okungena noma okuphuma ohlelweni (Q = 0). Kusukela ku-Q = 0, ushintsho ku-entropy ngesikhathi senqubo ye-adiabatic = 0.

Ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwe-isothermal, injini imunca u-2000 J wokushisa (Q) ekushiseni (T) okungu-500 K. Ngenxa yokuthi injini imunca ukushisa, u-Q ulungile. Ushintsho ku-entropy yenjini ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwe-isothermal luyi:

Ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-isothermal, injini yenqaba ukushisa okungu-1400 J (Q) ekushiseni (T) okungu-350 K. Ngenxa yokuthi injini yenqaba ukushisa, i-Q inophawu olubi. Ushintsho ku-entropy yenjini ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-isothermal yilokhu:

Ushintsho oluphelele lwe-entropy = 4 J/K - 4 J/K = 0

Isibonelo sombuzo 3:

Injini yokushisa ithola ama-Joules angu-600 okushisa (Q) ekushiseni okungu-300 ^oC, yenza umsebenzi futhi ikhipha inani elithile lokushisa ekushiseni okungu-100 ^oC. Nquma inani lokushisa okwenqatshiwe kanye noshintsho oluphelele lwe-entropy enjinini ngesikhathi somjikelezo owodwa…

Ingxoxo

T_H = 300K

Q_H = 600 J

T_L = 100K

Q_L = ?

Ngesikhathi somjikelezo owodwa, injini yeCarnot idlula ezinqubweni ezimbili ze-isothermal eziguqukayo (ukwanda kwe-isothermal + ukucindezela kwe-isothermal) kanye nezinqubo ezimbili ze-adiabatic eziguqukayo (ukwanda kwe-adiabatic kanye nokucindezela kwe-adiabatic). Ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokwandisa kanye nokucindezela kwe-adiabatic, akukho ukushisa okungena noma okuphuma ohlelweni (Q = 0). Kusukela ku-Q = 0, ushintsho ku-entropy ngesikhathi senqubo ye-adiabatic = 0.

Ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwe-isothermal, injini imunca ama-J angu-600 okushisa (Q) ekushiseni (T) okungu-300 K. Ngenxa yokuthi injini imunca ukushisa, i-Q inhle. Ushintsho ku-entropy yenjini ngesikhathi sokwandiswa kwe-isothermal luyi:

Ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-isothermal, injini yenqaba ukushisa okungu-200 J (Q) ekushiseni (T) okungu-100 K. Ngenxa yokuthi injini yenqaba ukushisa, i-Q inophawu olubi. Ushintsho ku-entropy yenjini ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-isothermal yilokhu:

Ushintsho oluphelele lwe-entropy = 2 J/K - 2 J/K = 0

Kusukela kumbuzo wesibonelo 2 kanye nombuzo wesibonelo 3, kubonakala sengathi ushintsho lwe-entropy iyonke yenqubo eguqukayo = 0. Ngamanye amazwi, enqubweni eguqukayo, i-entropy iyonke ihlala ingaguquki.

Isibonelo sombuzo 4:

I-ice cube engu-2 kg inezinga lokushisa elingu-0 ^oC. Ama-ice cubes afakwa esitsheni bese omiswa elangeni. Ngenxa yokuthi athola ukushisa okwengeziwe emoyeni naselangeni, iqhwa liyancibilika. Thola ushintsho ku-entropy yeqhwa. (Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi = 3,34 x 10⁵ J/Kg)

Ingxoxo

Isisindo seqhwa = 2 kg

Izinga lokushisa leqhwa = 0 ^oC + 273 = 273 K

Ukushisa kokuhlanganiswa kwamanzi = 3,34 x 10 5 J/Kg

Ukushisa okudingekayo ukuze kuncibilikiswe ama-2 kg eqhwa emanzini:

Q = mL

Q = (2 kg)(3,34 x 10⁵ J/Kg)

Q = 6,68 x 10⁵ J

Q = 668 x 10³ J

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilika (iqhwa libe ngamanzi), izinga lokushisa lihlala linjalo. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lihlala linjalo, kubalwa ushintsho ku-entropy yeqhwa.

Isibonelo sombuzo 5:

Ingilazi yamanzi ekushiseni okungu-26 ^oC ixutshwe nengilazi yamanzi ekushiseni okungu-22 ^oC. Uma isisindo samanzi engilazini = 2 kg, thola ushintsho ku-entropy yamanzi. Ake sithi amanzi ashisayo namanzi abandayo axutshwe esitsheni esivaliwe, esinokushisa kahle. Ukudluliselwa kokushisa kuyinqubo engenakuguqulwa.

Ingxoxo

Ukushisa kwamanzi okuqondile (c) = 4180 J/Kg C^o

Isisindo samanzi = 2 kg (isisindo esifanayo samanzi).

Ngenxa yokuthi isisindo samanzi siyafana, izinga lokushisa lokugcina lenhlanganisela = 24 ^oC (26 ^oC + 22 ^oC / 2 = 48 ^oC / 2 = 24 ^oC).

Inani lokushisa elikhishwa ngamanzi ashisayo lapho izinga lokushisa lawo lehla lisuka ku-26 ^oC - 24 ^oC:

Q = mc ΔT = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg C^o)(26 ^oC - 24 ^oC) = (2 Kg)(4180 J/kg C^o)(2 ^oC) = 16720 J

Inani lokushisa elimuncwa ngamanzi abandayo lapho izinga lokushisa lawo likhuphuka lisuka ku-22 o C – 24 o C:

Q = mc ΔT = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg C^o)(24 ^oC - 22 ^oC) = (2 kg)(4180 J/kg C^o)(2 ^oC) = 16720 J

Ushintsho oluphelele lwe-entropy = Ushintsho ku-entropy yamanzi ashisayo + ushintsho ku-entropy yamanzi abandayo

Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lamanzi ashisayo = (26 ^oC + 24 ^oC) / 2 = 50 ^oC / 2 = 25 ^oC ‐‐‐‐ 25 + 273 = 298 K

Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lamanzi abandayo = (22 ^oC + 24 ^oC) / 2 = 46 ^oC / 2 = 23 ^oC ‐‐‐‐ 23 + 273 = 296 K

Amanzi ashisayo akhipha ukushisa, ngakho-ke u-Q u-negative. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amanzi abandayo amunca ukushisa, ngakho u-Q u-positive. Khumbula umkhuba wesibonakaliso se-Q (umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics).

Δ S Isamba = Δ S amanzi ashisayo + Δ S amanzi abandayo

Δ S Ingqikithi = - 56,107 J/K + 56,486 J/K

I-Δ S Isamba = 0,379 J/K

I-entropy iyonke iyanda ngo-0,379 J/K

Nakuba i-entropy yezingxenye ezithile zesistimu incipha (-56,107 J/K), i-entropy yezingxenye ezithile zesistimu iyanda ngenani elikhulu (+ 56,486 J/K) ukuze i-entropy iyonke ihlale ikhula (+ 0,379 J/K).

Ukwanda kwe-entropy iyonke enqubweni engenakuguqulwa akusebenzi nje kuphela ekudlulisweni kokushisa phakathi kwengxube yamanzi ashisayo nabandayo esiyihlaziyile ngenhla, kodwa futhi kusebenza kuzo zonke izimo ezifundwe ososayensi. I-entropy iyonke ihlala ingaguquki uma inqubo iguquguquka. Uma inqubo ingenakuguqulwa, i-entropy iyonke iyanda njalo.

Empeleni, zonke izinqubo zemvelo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke azilungiseki, ngakho-ke i-total entropy iyanda ngokungenakugwenywa. Leli qiniso lifingqiwe emgqeni olandelayo:

Enqubweni engenakuguqulwa, i-entropy iyonke yesistimu kanye nendawo ezungezile iyaqhubeka ikhula.

Lo musho obhalwe ngo-italic uyisitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics uhlukile kancane kweminye imithetho yefiziksi. Ngokuvamile, imithetho yemvelo ivezwa njengezilinganiso (isb., imithetho kaNewton) noma njengemithetho yokulondolozwa (isb., umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla).

I-Entropy iyisilinganiso sokuphazamiseka

I-Entropy ingabhekwa njengesilinganiso sokuphazamiseka. Ngokuphathelene nesitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, ukuphazamiseka kuvame ukwanda ezinqubweni ezingaguquki. Ngamanye amazwi, yonke inqubo engaguquki iholela esimweni sokuphazamiseka. Incazelo yokuphazamiseka lapha ingase ingacaci, ngakho-ke izochazwa kusetshenziswa izibonelo zezinqubo ezingaguquki ezenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umqondo we-entropy ekuqaleni wawuhlotshaniswa kuphela nezinqubo ezingaguquki ezihilela izinguquko efomini yamandla kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla. Ngemva kokukhululwa esiqwini sawo bese uwela ngokukhululeka uze ufike phansi, umango awulokothi ushelele phezulu. Incwadi esiyicindezelayo bese siyima ayilokothi ibuyele kithi. Lezi ezinye zezibonelo zezinqubo ezingaguquki ezihlobene nezinguquko efomini yamandla kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka entweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Lezi zinqubo zenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, kodwa azilokothi zihambe ohlangothini oluphambene. Umango awulokothi ushelele phezulu wodwa ngoba amandla angaphakathi iguqulwe yaba amandla e-kineticIncwadi ayilokothi ishelele kithi ngoba ukushisa okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kuguqulwa kube amandla e-kinetic.

Izinqubo ezingenakulungiseka ezenzeka endaweni yonke azihlobene nje kuphela nezinguquko ezinhlotsheni zamandla kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla. Ngemva kokuzalwa, sikhula sibe yizinsana, izingane, intsha, abantu abadala, bese siguga futhi sibole bese ekugcineni sife 😉 Wake wambona umuntu omdala ephenduka ingane? Ungalokothi… Umakhalekhukhwini esiwusebenzisayo uba buthuntu futhi wonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi… Imoto entsha eyayibushelelezi futhi inamandla ekuqaleni iba buthuntu futhi ingabi bushelelezi ngemva kokuyisebenzisa iminyaka embalwa. Wake wayibona imoto endala ngokuzumayo iba yintsha futhi? Noma umakhalekhukhwini wakho owuthandayo uba bushelelezi futhi ube ngcono nsuku zonke? Ungalokothi… Ngemva kokusetshenziswa, umakhalekhukhwini uba buthuntu futhi wonakele. Izimoto ziyafana… Lezi ezinye zezibonelo zezinqubo ezingalungiseki ezingahlobene noshintsho ezinhlotsheni zamandla kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla…. Manje, ngemva kokuqaphela ukuthi zonke izinqubo zemvelo ezenzeka endaweni yonke azilungiseki, umqondo we-entropy uba banzi. Ingxoxo ayigcini nje ngokumboza izinqubo ze-thermodynamic kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezinye izinqubo eziningi ezingalungiseki endaweni yonke.

Manje ake sixoxe ngezinye izinqubo ezingenakuguqulwa ezenzeka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Okokuqala, ake sicabangele inqubo elula engenakuguqulwa. Lesi isingeniso nje, ukuze uqonde umqondo we-entropy kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezinqubo ezingenakuguqulwa.

Isibonelo, ake sithi unenqwaba yamamabula abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amamabula afakwa esitsheni. Amamabula aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ahlelwe kahle phansi, kanti amamabula abomvu ahlelwe kahle phezulu (isithombe sesobunxele). Ukuhlelwa kwamamabula akho esitsheni kubukeka kuhlelekile kakhulu… Iphansi liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ingaphezulu libomvu.

Okulandelayo, unyakazisa noma unyakazisa isitsha phezulu naphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sihanjiswa phezulu naphansi, ukuhlelwa kwamamabula okwakuqala kuvamile kakhulu kuyashintsha futhi (isithombe esingakwesokudla). Amamabula abomvu naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka axutshwa ndawonye 😉 Lapho uqhubeka nokunyakazisa, ukuhlelwa kwamamabula kuba okungajwayelekile… Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ngemva kokunyakaziswa, ukuhlelwa kwamamabula kuba njalo njengakuqala? Akunakwenzeka… Sicela ukukufakazele uma ungakukholwa. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi amamabula abe njalo njengakuqala… Lesi yisibonelo senqubo engenakuguqulwa. Ngemva kokubona inqubo engenakuguqulwa, ukuhlelwa kwamamabula okwakuqala kuvamile kuyashintsha kube okungajwayelekile. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kushintshe kwaba ukungajwayelekile…

Kwenzeka okufanayo kwezinye izinqubo ezingaguquki. Uma sithinta into eshisayo nento ebandayo, ukushisa kuzogeleza ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka entweni eshisayo kuya entweni ebandayo… Ukushisa kuyayeka ukugeleza ngemva kokuba izinto ezimbili ezixhumene nazo zifinyelele izinga lokushisa elifanayo. Le nqubo ayinakuguqulwa… Ekuqaleni sinezinhlelo ezimbili zama-molecule, okungukuthi ama-molecule anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic ajwayelekile (ama-molecule akha into eshisayo) nama-molecule anamandla amancane e-kinetic ajwayelekile (ama-molecule akha into ebandayo). Ngemva kokuba into eshisayo nento ebandayo ifinyelele izinga lokushisa elifanayo (ama-molecule anamandla afanayo e-kinetic ajwayelekile), asisakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo ezimbili zama-molecule. Ukuhlelwa kwama-molecule okwakuyinto evamile ekuqaleni kuyashintsha kube okungajwayelekile. Kufana nokuhlelwa kwama-marble angenhla… Ngemva kokuba izinto ezimbili zifinyelele izinga lokushisa elifanayo, ukuhlelwa okuvamile kwama-molecule kuyashintsha kube okungajwayelekile (ukungaguquki kuyanda ngenxa yokudluliselwa kokushisa okungenakuguqulwa).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza kokushisa kusuka entweni eshisayo kuya entweni ebandayo kungacatshangwa njengokugeleza kokushisa kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi enjinini yokushisa. Ukugeleza kokushisa kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi kuvumela injini yokushisa ukuthi yenze umsebenzi. Injini yokushisa ayikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ngaphandle kokugeleza kokushisa. Ngakho-ke, singakha ubudlelwano phakathi kobukhulu bokuphazamiseka kanye nekhono lokwenza umsebenzi. Ngemva kokufinyelela izinga lokushisa elifanayo, akusekho ukugeleza kokushisa kusuka entweni eshisayo kuya entweni ebandayo (ukuphazamiseka kuyanda). Njengoba ukungabikho kokugeleza kokushisa kuvimbela injini yokushisa ukuthi yenze umsebenzi, singasho ukuthi uhlelo olungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi lunokuphazamiseka okuphezulu, kanti uhlelo olungenza umsebenzi lunokuphazamiseka okuphansi…

Kusukela kule miphumela, singafinyelela iziphetho mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo zamandla kanye nesilinganiso sokuphazamiseka. Ngokuyisisekelo, uhlobo lwamandla olungasetshenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi amandla angase abe khona. Amandla angase abe khona amanzi angase asetshenziswe ukuhambisa i-turbine. Amandla angase abe khona amakhemikhali ku-oyili angase asetshenziswe ukuhambisa imoto. Amandla angase abe khona amakhemikhali emizimbeni yethu angase asetshenziswe ukwenza umsebenzi, ukuhamba, ukufunda… Amandla angase abe khona adonsela phansi emango angase asetshenziswe ukulungisa ukuvuza ophahleni lwendlu 😉 Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zamandla eziwusizo zingasetshenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi, singasho ukuthi izinhlobo zamandla eziwusizo zihlelekile kakhulu, kuyilapho izinhlobo zamandla ezingasebenzi zihlelekile kakhulu. Izinhlobo zamandla angasenamsebenzi zingamandla angaphakathi nokushisa… Ngemva kokushayisa phansi, umango awuphinde ushelele phezulu ngoba amandla angaphakathi aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic…

Ngemva kokusunduza incwadi, incwadi iyahamba. Ukuba khona kokungqubuzana kwenza incwadi iyeke ukuhamba… Kulokhu, amandla e-kinetic encwadi ashintshe aba ukushisa (ukushisa kuvela ngenxa yokungqubuzana). Eqinisweni, incwadi esengashintshi ayibuyeli kithi ngoba ukushisa kushintshe kwaba amandla e-kinetic… Lezi zibonelo ezimbili zibonisa ukuthi ukushisa kuyizinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ezingenamsebenzi. Izinhlobo zamandla ezingenamsebenzi azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ukushisa namandla angaphakathi anokungalingani okuphezulu…

Ngokuyisisekelo, inqubo yokushintsha uhlobo lwamandla, kusukela ohlotsheni oluwusizo lwamandla kuya kolungenamsebenzi lwamandla ihlala ikhulisa ukuphazamiseka… Ku-slang, i-entropy ihlala ikhula ngesikhathi senqubo yokushintsha uhlobo lwamandla… Ngenxa yokuthi i-entropy ihlala ikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke izinhlobo zamandla eziwusizo zizoshintsha zibe izinhlobo ezingenamsebenzi. Amandla azohlala elondolozwa enkambisweni yokushintsha uhlobo lwamandla, kodwa uhlobo lwamandla oluhlelekile futhi olungasetshenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi lushintsha lube uhlobo olungajwayelekile futhi alukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi…

I-Entropy kanye nezibalo

Ngaphambilini, sixoxe ngokuthi i-entropy iyisilinganiso sokuphazamiseka. Yonke inqubo engenakuguqulwa empeleni iholela esimweni sokuphazamiseka okuphezulu. Lo mbono ungase ubonakale ungaqondakali futhi ungacacile. Ukuze siqonde kangcono umqondo we-entropy, singasebenzisa indlela yezibalo. Ukuqonda umqondo we-entropy sisebenzisa indlela yezibalo kwaqala ukusetshenziswa nguLudwig Boltzmann (1844–1906).

Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, kwachazwa ukuthi i-entropy iyinani elichaza isimo se-microscopic sohlelo. Ubuningi obuchaza izimo ze-macroscopic bungaziwa ngqo, kodwa ubuningi obuchaza izimo ze-microscopic abukwazi. Ukuze siqonde isimo se-microscopic, singahlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimo ze-macroscopic nezi-microscopic.

Unayo yini imali ye-rupiah eyikhulu? Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-rupiah oluyikhulu lunezinhlangothi ezimbili: uhlangothi olulodwa lubonisa inyoni i-Garuda kanti olunye uhlangothi lubonisa igama elithi 100 rupiah. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uma unezinhlamvu zemali ze-rupiah ezingamakhulu amane… uma uphonsa zonke izinhlamvu zemali ze-rupiah ezingamakhulu amane phansi, kuzoba nemiphumela emihlanu ehlukene ekuphonsweni okukodwa:

Okokuqala, zonke izithombe zenyoni iGaruda ziyavela (izithombe ezi-4);

Okwesibili, kuvela izithombe ezintathu zenyoni iGaruda, umbhalo owodwa wama-rupiah ayikhulu (izithombe ezintathu, umbhalo owodwa);

Okwesithathu, kuvela izithombe ezimbili zenyoni iGaruda, amagama amabili ayikhulu rupiah (izithombe ezimbili, amagama amabili);

Okwesine, kuvela isithombe esisodwa senyoni iGaruda, kuvela amagama amathathu ayikhulu ama-rupiah (isithombe esisodwa, amagama amathathu);

Okwesihlanu, kuvela amagama athi ikhulu le-rupiah (amagama ama-4)…

Lezi zithombe ezinhlanu ezingenzeka noma imibhalo siyibiza ngokuthi izimo ze-macroscopic (macro = enkulu). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma simelela izinhlamvu zemali ezine njengezithombe noma imibhalo, sisho izimo ze-microscopic (micro = encane).

Ekuphonsweni okukodwa, kunezimo eziyi-16 ezingaba khona ezincane kakhulu (Uhlamvu ngalunye lunamathuba amabili. Izinhlamvu zemali ezine zinamathuba ayi-16 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 4 = 16). Amathuba amakhulu ukuthi kuvele izithombe ezi-2 kanye nemibhalo emi-2 (Kunezimo eziyi-6 ezingaba khona ezincane kakhulu kwezimo eziyi-16 ezingaba khona ezincane kakhulu - 6/16 x 100% = 37,5%). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathuba amancane kakhulu ukuthi kuvele izithombe ezi-4 noma imibhalo emi-4 (Ngayinye inesimo esisodwa esingaba khona esincane kakhulu - 1/16 x 100% = 6,25%). Esikuxoxayo lapha yithuba noma amathuba kuphela... Uma siphonsa izinhlamvu zemali izikhathi eziyi-16, akuqiniseki ukuthi izithombe ezi-2 kanye nemibhalo emi-2 kuzovela izikhathi eziyi-6. Kodwa uma siphonsa izinhlamvu zemali izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane, amathuba okuvela kwezithombe ezi-2 kanye nemibhalo emi-2 angasondela ku-37,5%.

Kungcono ukufakazela lokho... Sicela uphonsa izinhlamvu zemali ezingama-rupiah ezingamakhulu amane izikhathi eziyi-100 (izikhathi eziyi-1000 uma ungakwazi 😉). Qopha idatha etholwe ngokuphonsa okukodwa... Ngemva kokuphonsa izinhlamvu zemali izikhathi eziyi-100, uzothola ukuthi izithombe ezi-2 kanye nemibhalo emi-2 ivela kaningi. Lapho inani lokuphonsa liba liningi, amathuba okuthola izithombe ezi-2 kanye nemibhalo emi-2 asondela ku-37,5% wenani eliphelele lokuphonsa.

Ngaphambilini besibheka izinhlamvu zemali ezi-4 kuphela. Uma sandisa inani lezinhlamvu zemali khona-ke inani lezimo ezincane liyakhula. Isibonelo, sinezinhlamvu zemali eziyi-100… Ngokuphonsa okukodwa, kunezimo ezincane ezi-2 100 = 1,27 x 10 30… Amathuba amakhulu ukuthi kuzovela izithombe ezingama-50 kanye nemibhalo engama-50 (Kunezimo ezincane ezi-1,01 x 10 29 ezingaba khona kwezimo ezincane ezi-1,27 x 10 30). Ngokuphambene nalokho, amathuba amancane kakhulu ukuthi kuzovela izithombe eziyi-100 noma imibhalo eyi-100 (Ngayinye inesimo esincane esi-1 kuphela kwezimo ezincane ezi-1,27 x 10 30). Kuncane kakhulu futhi cishe akunakwenzeka… Uma sinezinhlamvu zemali eziyi-1000, amathuba okuvela kwezithombe eziyi-1000 noma imibhalo eyi-1000 mancane kakhulu futhi ayanda kakhulu.

Ukuze sihlobanise lokhu nomqondo we-entropy, singacabanga ukuthi zonke izithombe noma wonke umbhalo usekuhlelweni okuhlelekile, kuyilapho ingxenye yezithombe kanye nengxenye yombhalo kusekuhlelweni okungajwayelekile. Lapho inani lezinhlamvu zemali likhulu, amathuba noma ithuba lokuthola uhlelo oluhlelekile (zonke izithombe noma wonke umbhalo) liba lincane, futhi kuba cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhlelo olungajwayelekile (ingxenye yezithombe kanye nengxenye yombhalo) lunamathuba noma ithuba elikhulu kakhulu. Kusukela kulo mphumela, kubonakala sengathi ukungajwayelekile kuhlobene eduze namathuba. Isimo esingenzeka kakhulu yisimo esingajwayelekile, kanti isimo esingenakwenzeka kakhulu yisimo esihlelekile.

Isitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, esixoxe ngaso ngaphambili, sithi i-entropy, noma ukuphazamiseka, kuhlale kuyanda kuyo yonke inqubo engenakuguqulwa. Lesi sitatimende somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics singaqondwa njengesitatimende samathuba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yonke inqubo eyenzeka endaweni yonke yileyo enethuba elikhulu noma ithuba. Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics awuvimbeli ukwehla kwe-entropy kuyo yonke inqubo engenakuguqulwa, kodwa amathuba mancane kakhulu, cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kwe-entropy kunamathuba amakhulu kakhulu. Inani lamasenti esiwahlolile ngaphambili lalingu-100 kuphela… empeleni, kukhona u-6,02 x 10²³ ama-molecule... leli yinani elikhulu kakhulu. Izimo ezingaba khona ezincane kakhulu zaleli nani zikhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke noma yiluphi uhlelo lunethuba elincane kakhulu, cishe elingenakwenzeka...

Uma siwisa ingilazi phansi, izingcezu zengilazi ezisakazeke phansi zingaphinde zihlangane futhi zakhe ingilazi yonke njengakuqala. Kodwa ithuba lokuthi lokhu kwenzeke lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka… lapho ingilazi isaphelele, indawo yama-molecule ihlelekile kakhudlwana. Lapho ingilazi iwela ize iphuke ukuze izingcezu zengilazi zihlakazeke phansi, indawo yama-molecule iyaphazamiseka. Ithuba lokubuyela esimweni esihlelekile lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi ukulindela ukuthi ama-molecule engilazi aphinde ahlangane akunakwenzeka. Uma sithinta into eshisayo nento ebandayo, ukushisa kuzogeleza ngokwako kusuka entweni eshisayo kuya entweni ebandayo… izinto ezishisayo zinama-molecule ahamba ngokungahleliwe nangokushesha, ngakolunye uhlangothi ukunyakaza kwama-molecule akha izinto ezibandayo akusheshi kakhulu. Ithuba lokuthi la ma-molecule ahamba ngokushesha ashayisane noma awele entweni ebandayo likhulu kakhulu kunethuba lama-molecule ahamba kancane… noma ngubani osheshayo uyakuthola 😉 ukushisa kungasuka entweni ebandayo kuya entweni eshisayo, kodwa ithuba lokuthi lokhu kwenzeke lincane kakhulu.

Amamabula aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nabomvu emfanekisweni ongenhla angabuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala nesijwayelekile. Kodwa ithuba lokubuyela esimweni esihlelekile lincane kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa okungahlelekile kunethuba elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda okukhululekile okutholwa yigesi esitsheni esivaliwe. Isitsha sinamakamelo amabili, lapho amakamelo amabili ehlukaniswa khona yisivikelo. Ekuqaleni, igesi isegumbini lesobunxele. Lapho isivikelo sisusiwe, ama-molecule egesi azothutheleka ekamelweni lesokudla. Igumbi lesokudla alinalutho, kanti igumbi lesobunxele liqukethe ama-molecule ahamba ngokungahleliwe. Lapho isivikelo sisusiwe, ama-molecule anethuba elikhulu lokuwela ekamelweni elingenalutho. Ngemva kokuba ama-molecule egcwalise lonke inani lesitsha esinamakamelo amabili, kungenzeka yini ukuthi wonke ama-molecule aphinde agcwalise igumbi lesobunxele? Kungenzeka, kodwa amathuba mancane kakhulu. Ku-mole eyodwa kuphela, kukhona u-6,02 x 10²³ ama-molecule... amathuba okuthi wonke ama-molecule asesikhaleni sesobunxele angu-1 esigidini. Elilodwa esigidini liyithuba elincane kakhulu futhi cishe elingenakwenzeka...

Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics usitshela ukuthi yonke inqubo eyenzeka endaweni yonke iyinqubo engenzeka kakhulu. Indlela inqubo eyenzeka ngayo emvelweni (eya entropy ephezulu) inqunywa ngengozi noma amathuba… ukuphazamiseka kunethuba elikhulu kakhulu lokwenzeka ngakho-ke kungenzeka kakhulu…

I-Entropy = umcibisholo wesikhathi

I-Entropy ibizwa nangokuthi umcibisholo wesikhathi ngoba isitshela indlela isikhathi esidlula ngayo. Indlela yonke inqubo yemvelo ibheke ekuphazamisekeni. Uma sibona okuphambene nalokho, okungukuthi, ukuphazamiseka ngokwako kuphenduka kube ukuhleleka, singasho ukuthi umcimbi uphendukezelwe. Uma sibona izingcezu zengilazi ezihlakazekile phansi ziqoqana futhi zakha ingilazi yonke futhi, singasho ukuthi umcimbi uphendukezelwe. Lokhu akwenzeki empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, futhi uma kwenzeka, kuzophula umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Kulokhu, isikhathi asikaze sibuyele emuva futhi ukuphazamiseka akukaze kushintshe ngokuzenzakalelayo kube ukuhleleka. Isenzakalo esingaba khona nesihlala njalo empilweni yethu ukuthi ukuhleleka kuhlale kuya ekuphazamisekeni; isikhathi sihlala siqhubekela phambili, hhayi emuva. Uma umuntu omdala ephenduka umntwana, singabheka lokhu njengokungajwayelekile kanye nokwephulwa komthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics.