Isihloko ngoMthetho Wesibili We-Thermodynamics
Zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo zenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela kodwa azikwazi ukwenzeka ohlangothini oluphambene, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinqubo ezingaguquki. Ngemva kokukhululwa esiqwini salo bese ziwela phansi ngokukhululeka , umango awuphinde uqhubeke uye phezulu. Incwadi esiyicindezelayo bese siyima ayiphinde ibuyele kithi. Uma sithinta into eshisa kakhulu (into eshisayo) ngento eshisa kakhulu (into ebandayo), ukushisa kugeleza ngokwemvelo kusuka entweni eshisa kakhulu kuya entweni eshisa kakhulu. Asikaze sibone inqubo ephambene, lapho ukushisa ngokwemvelo kuhamba kusuka entweni ebandayo kuya entweni eshisayo. Uma le nqubo yenzeka, khona-ke into ebandayo ingabanda kakhulu, kuyilapho into eshisayo ingabanda kakhulu. Kodwa empeleni, akunjalo. Kunezinqubo eziningi ezingaguquki ezibonakala zihlukile komunye nomunye, kodwa zonke zihilela izinguquko ngesimo samandla kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka kwenye into kuya kwenye.
Isibonelo, kukhona ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla okubangela ukuba izakhiwo zidilike (izakhiwo ziyadilika ngenxa yamandla athwalwa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba). Wake wayibona ingxenye ngayinye yesakhiwo esidilikile ibuya ndawonye futhi ime iqonde njengakuqala? Noma, isibonelo, ingilazi iwela phansi bese iphuka... Wake wazibona izingcezu zengilazi ezisakazeke phansi zibuya ndawonye futhi zakha ingilazi ephelele njengakuqala? Akukaze kwenzeke... kunezinye izibonelo eziningi.
Ukuze bachaze izinqubo ze-thermodynamic ezenzeka ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela (izinqubo ezingenakuguquguquka), ososayensi bakha umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics uchaza ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingenzeka endaweni yonke nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingeke zenzeke. Usosayensi othile ogama lakhe lingu-R.J.E. Clausius (1822–1888) wenza lesi sitatimende esilandelayo:
Ukushisa kuhamba ngokwako kusuka entweni enokushisa okuphezulu kuya entweni enokushisa okuphansi; ukushisa ngeke kuhambe ngokwako kusuka entweni enokushisa okuphansi kuya entweni enokushisa okuphezulu (Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics - isitatimende sikaClausius).
Isitatimende sikaClausius siyisitatimende esikhethekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics. Sibizwa ngokuthi isitatimende esikhethekile ngoba sisebenza enkambisweni eyodwa kuphela, okungukuthi ukudluliselwa kokushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sitatimende asihlobene nezinye izinqubo, sidinga isitatimende esibanzi kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesitatimende esijwayelekile somthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics kwakusekelwe ngokwengxenye ocwaningweni lwezinjini zokushisa. Ngakho-ke, sizoxoxa ngezinjini zokushisa kuqala.
INJINI YOKUSHISA
Amandla amaningi esiwasebenzisayo avela emandleni amakhemikhali aqukethwe kuphethiloli, igesi, kanye namalahle. Amandla amakhemikhali aqukethwe kuphethiloli, igesi, noma amalahle awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngqo. I-petroleum, igesi, noma amalahle kumele kushiswe kuqala. Ngokuvamile, ukushisa amafutha emvelo (i-petroleum, igesi, kanye namalahle) kukhiqiza ukushisa. Ukushisa kungasetshenziswa ngqo ukupheka ukudla nokushisa igumbi. Ukuze sithuthe okuthile (isibonelo, ukuhambisa imoto), kumele siguqule ukushisa kube amandla e-kinetic noma amandla e-mechanical (amandla e-mechanical = amandla aqukethwe + amandla e-kinetic). Ukuguqula amandla e-mechanical abe ukushisa kuwumsebenzi olula kakhulu, kodwa ukuguqula ukushisa kube amandla e-mechanical kunzima. Zama ukuhlikihla izintende zakho ndawonye… izintende zakho ziyashisa, akunjalo? Uma sihlikihla izintende zethu ndawonye (senza umsebenzi), amandla e-mechanical aguqulwa abe ukushisa. Inqubo ilula kakhulu… Ngisho nokushisa okungenamkhawulo kungakhiqizwa ngokwenza umsebenzi. Kodwa inqubo ephambene, okungukuthi ukusebenzisa ukushisa ukwenza umsebenzi, inzima.
Idivayisi esetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ukushisa ukwenza umsebenzi yasungulwa ngo-1700 kuphela. Idivayisi okukhulunywa ngayo kwakuyinjini yomusi. Izinjini zomusi zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukupompa amanzi ezimayini zamalahle. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezinjini zomusi kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi bazi ukuthi ukushisa empeleni kungamandla adluliselwa ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa (umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics wawungakakhiwa).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini zomusi ngaleso sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke okubonisa ukuthi umusi ungashukumisa izinto. Izinjini zomusi zibhekwa njengezinjini zokushisa (injini yokushisa = idivayisi yokuguqula ukushisa kube amandla omshini). Namuhla, izinjini zomusi zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Izinjini zokushisa zanamuhla ziyizinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi (izinjini zezimoto, izinjini zezithuthuthu, njll.).
Umqondo oyisisekelo wokusebenzisa injini yokushisa ukuthi ukushisa kungaguqulwa kube amandla omshini kuphela uma kuvunyelwe ukugeleza kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi. Phakathi nale nqubo, okunye ukushisa kuguqulwa kube amandla omshini (okunye ukushisa kusetshenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi), kuyilapho okunye ukushisa kwenqatshwa esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi. Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla enjini yokushisa iboniswe kumdwebo.
Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (T)H) kanye nokushisa okuphansi (TL) ibizwa nangokuthi izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwenjini. Ukushisa okugeleza kusuka endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu kunikezwa uphawu QH, kuyilapho ukushisa okukhishwa endaweni ephansi yokushisa kunikezwa uphawu QL. Uma kugeleza kusuka endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu kuya endaweni enokushisa okuphansi, i-Q ethileH iguqulwa ibe amandla omshini (asetshenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi), amanye awo akhishwa njengo-QLEmpeleni sithemba ngempela ukuthi wonke u-QH ingaguqulwa ibe yi-W, kodwa ulwazi lwansuku zonke lubonisa ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka. Kuhlala kukhona ukushisa okulahlekayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe ekulondolozweni kwamandla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi i-QH = W + QL.
Manje ake sibukeze injini yokushisa evame ukusetshenziswa ukuguqula ukushisa kube amandla omshini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi sicabangela kuphela izinjini zokushisa ezenza umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ukuze umsebenzi wenziwe njalo, ukushisa kumele kugeleze njalo kusuka esifundeni esinokushisa okuphezulu kuya esifundeni esinokushisa okuphansi. Uma ukushisa kugeleza kanye kuphela, umsebenzi owenziwa yinjini yokushisa uzokwenziwa kanye kuphela (amandla omshini akhiqizwayo azoba mancane kakhulu). Ngakho-ke, injini yokushisa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kahle. Injini yokushisa ingasetshenziswa kahle uma isebenza njalo. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla omshini akhiqizwa yinjini yokushisa anele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhambisa okuthile.
Injini yomusi
Izinjini zomusi zisebenzisa umusi wamanzi njengendlela yokudlulisa ukushisa. Umusi ubizwa ngokuthi into esebenzayo yenjini yomusi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini zomusi: izinjini zomusi eziphindaphindayo kanye nezinjini zomusi we-turbine (ama-turbine omusi). Imiklamo yazo ihlukile kancane, kodwa zombili izinhlobo zifana: zisebenzisa umusi ofudunyezwa ngokushisa uwoyela, igesi, amalahle, noma amandla enuzi.
Injini yomusi yohlobo oluphindaphindayo
Amanzi esitsheni avame ukushiswa ngomfutho ophezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ashiswa ngomfutho ophezulu, inqubo yokubilisa yenzeka ngokushisa okuphezulu. Izinga lokushisa lilingana ngqo nomfutho. Uma izinga lokushisa lomusi liphezulu, kulapho umfutho womusi uba mkhulu khona. Lomusi oshisa kakhulu noma oshisa kakhulu uhamba ngevalvu yokungena bese unwebeka ngokumelene nepiston. Njengoba ukhula, umusi usunduza ipiston, okwenza ukuthi iye kwesokudla.
Okunye kokushisa okuku-steam kuguqulwa kube amandla e-kinetic. Uma i-piston ihambela ngakwesokudla, isondo elixhunywe ku-piston liyajikeleza (1). Ngemva kokujikeleza okuyingxenye, isondo lisunduza i-piston libuyele endaweni yalo yokuqala (2). Uma i-piston ihambela kwesobunxele, i-valve yokungena ivala ngokuzenzakalelayo, kuyilapho i-valve yokukhipha umoya ivuleka ngokuzenzakalelayo. I-steam icindezelwa yi-condenser, iphenduke amazolo. Okulandelayo, amanzi aku-condenser ampontshwa abuyele esitsheni ukuze abiliswe futhi. Njalo njalo... Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe, i-piston ihambela kwesokudla nakwesobunxele ngokuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-piston ihambela kwesokudla nakwesobunxele ngokuqhubekayo, isondo nalo lijikeleza ngokuqhubekayo. Ukujikeleza kwesondo kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhambisa okuthile.
I-turbine yomusi
Isimiso sokusebenza se-turbine yomusi empeleni sifana nesenjini yomusi ephindaphindayo. Umehluko ukuthi injini yomusi ephindaphindayo isebenzisa i-piston, kuyilapho i-turbine yomusi isebenzisa i-turbine. Enjinini yomusi ephindaphindayo, ukushisa kuqala kuguqulwa kube amandla e-kinetic ahumushayo e-piston. Ngemva kwalokho, amandla e-kinetic ahumushayo e-piston aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo esondweni elijikelezayo. E-turbine yomusi, ukushisa kuguqulwa ngqo kube amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo e-turbine. I-turbine ingajikeleza ngenxa yomehluko wokucindezela. Izinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphezu kwe-blade liphakeme kakhulu kunezinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphansi kwe-blade. I-blade iyipuleti elincane elitholakala maphakathi ne-turbine. Izinga lokushisa lilingana ngqo nokucindezela. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphezu kwe-blade liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphansi kwe-blade, ingcindezi yomusi ngaphezu kwe-blade inkulu kunengcindezi engaphansi kwe-blade. Lo mehluko wokucindezela ubangela ukuthi umusi ucindezele i-blade phansi, okubangela ukuthi i-turbine ijikeleze. Isiqondiso sokujikeleza kwe-turbine siboniswe esithombeni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isimiso sokusebenza senjini yomusi sisekelwe kumdwebo wokudlulisa amandla ochazwe ngenhla. Kulesi simo, amandla omshini angadalwa ngokuvumela ukushisa ukuthi kugeleze kusuka entweni noma endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu kuya entweni noma endaweni enokushisa okuphansi. Ngakho-ke, umehluko wokushisa ubalulekile enjinini yomusi.
Uma unaka indlela injini yomusi ephindaphindayo esebenza ngayo, uzobona ukuthi i-piston isengahamba ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla yize kungekho mehluko wokushisa (akukho condenser noma ipompo). I-piston ingahamba ngakwesokudla ngenxa yokwanda komusi oshisa kakhulu noma ocindezela kakhulu. Kulokhu, okunye kokushisa kumusi kuguqulwa kube amandla e-kinetic ahumushayo e-piston. Lawa mandla e-kinetic ahumushayo e-piston abese eguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo esondweni elijikelezayo. Ngemva kokuqeda ukujikeleza okuyingxenye, isondo lisunduza i-piston libuyele ngakwesobunxele. Lapho isondo lisunduza i-piston libuyele ngakwesobunxele, amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo esondweni aguqulwa futhi abe amandla e-kinetic ahumushayo e-piston. Njengoba i-piston ihambela ngakwesobunxele, isunduza i-steam esilinda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-valve yokukhipha umoya iyavuleka.
Ngakho-ke, umusi ocindezelwa yi-piston uzosunduza umngane wawo ngaphansi kwe-valve yokukhipha umoya. Manje, uma izinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphansi kwe-valve yokukhipha umoya lilingana nezinga lokushisa lomusi ocindezelwa yi-piston, khona-ke wonke amandla e-kinetic e-translational e-piston azoguqulwa abe amandla angaphakathi e-steam. Amandla angaphakathi alingana ngqo nezinga lokushisa. Uma amandla angaphakathi e-steam enyuka, izinga lokushisa lomusi liyakhuphuka. Izinga lokushisa lilingana ngqo nengcindezi. Uma izinga lokushisa lomusi likhuphuka, ingcindezi yomusi nayo iyakhuphuka. Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi yomusi ekhishwa nge-valve yokukhipha umoya ilingana nengcindezi yomusi engena nge-valve yokungena. I-piston izoqhubeka nokuhamba kwesokudla nakwesobunxele ngokuqhubekayo kodwa ngeke kube namandla e-kinetic aphelele angasetshenziswa (akukho msebenzi ophelele owenziwe). Ngakho-ke amandla e-kinetic atholwe yi-piston ngesikhathi senqubo yokwandisa (i-piston iya kwesokudla) azobuyiselwa kumusi ngesikhathi senqubo yokucindezela (i-piston iya kwesobunxele).
Kuphethwa ngokuthi umehluko wokushisa enjinini yomusi usadingeka. Lo mehluko wokushisa enjinini yomusi ungatholakala ngokusebenzisa i-condenser. Lapho izinga lokushisa kanye nokucindezela komusi ngaphansi kwe-valve yokukhipha kuphansi kakhulu kunokushisa kanye nokucindezela komusi esilinda, lapho i-piston ibuyela emuva kwesobunxele, inani lokucindezela i-piston elikusebenzisayo esitimeleni lincane kakhulu kunenani lokucindezela komusi elikusebenzisayo episton lapho i-piston ishintsha iye kwesokudla. Ngamanye amazwi, inani lomsebenzi i-piston eliwenzayo esitimeleni lincane kakhulu kunenani lomsebenzi owenziwa ngumusi episton. Ngakho-ke ingxenye encane kuphela yamandla e-kinetic e-piston ebuyiselwa esitimeleni. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba namandla e-kinetic aphelele noma umsebenzi ophelele okhiqizwayo. Lawa mandla e-kinetic aphelele asetshenziselwa ukuhambisa okuthile.
Injini Yokushisa Yangaphakathi
Izinjini zezithuthuthu nezimoto ziyizibonelo zezinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi. Zibizwa ngokuthi izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi ngoba inqubo yokushisa yenzeka ngaphakathi kwesilinda esivaliwe. Izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi ziwumphumela wobunjiniyela bomqondo wokucindezela nokukhulisa i-adiabatic, ochazwe emthethweni wokuqala we-thermodynamics.
Sizocabangela kuphela izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi ezisebenzisa uphethiloli kanye nedizili njengophethiloli. Uphethiloli kanye nedizili kuyimikhiqizo kaphethiloli, ngakho-ke zinamandla amakhemikhali. Amandla amakhemikhali amakhemikhali kuphethiloli kanye nedizili aqala ngokuguqulwa abe ukushisa ngenqubo yokushisa. Ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngokushiswa bese kuguqulwa kube amandla omshini. Lawa mandla omshini yiwo avumela isithuthuthu noma imoto ukuthi ihambe. Umjikelezo enjinini kaphethiloli ubizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-Otto, kanti umjikelezo enjinini kaphethiloli ubizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wedizili. Umjikelezo uyinqubo ye-thermodynamic eguqukayo. Ake siqale sixoxe ngomjikelezo we-Otto.
Umjikelezo ka-Otto
Lona umdwebo wenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi enezigameko ezine. Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli igeleza isuka ku-carburetor iye kwisilinda njengoba i-piston ihambela phansi (i-intake stroke). Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli kusilinda icindezelwa ngokushesha njengoba i-piston ihambela phezulu (i-compression stroke). Ngenxa yokuthi icindezelwa ngokushesha, izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yengxube kuyanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-spark plug ivuthela ingxube, iyivuthele. Njengoba isha, izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yegesi kuyanda. Igesi yokushisa okuphezulu, enengcindezi ephezulu iyanda ngokumelene ne-piston, iyisunduzele phansi (i-expansion stroke). Igesi eshisiwe ikhishwa nge-exhaust valve bese iqondiswa epayipini lokukhipha (i-exhaust stroke). I-intake valve ivuleka futhi, futhi izigamu ezine ziyaphindwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inhloso yokucindezela kwe-adiabatic ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yengxube yomusi womoya-uphethiloli. Ukusha lapho ucindezelekile kakhulu kukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kanye nengcindezi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-thrust (F = PA) ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhulisa inkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni injini yesithuthuthu noma yemoto ibe namandla kakhulu. Ngisho nangaphandle kokucindezela, ingxube yomusi womoya-uphethiloli ingavutha lapho i-spark plug ikhiqiza i-spark. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yegesi evuthayo ayiphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke i-thrust ephumayo nayo incane. Ngenxa yalokho, injini iba namandla aphansi.
Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla enjinini yokushisa yangaphakathi enezigameko ezine ingachazwa kanje: Ngesikhathi sokushisa, amandla amakhemikhali angase abe khona kuphethiloli kanye namandla asemoyeni aguqulwa abe ukushisa. Okunye kokushisa kuguqulwa kube amandla omshini entongeni yepiston kanye ne-crankshaft, kuyilapho okunye kukhishwa ngepayipi lokukhipha umoya. Iningi lamandla omshini entongeni yepiston kanye ne-crankshaft liguqulwa libe amandla omshini emotweni (ukuhambisa imoto), kuyilapho ingxenye encane iguqulwa ibe ukushisa. Ukushisa kudalwa ukungqubuzana.
Inqubo yokwandisa nokucindezela i-adiabatic emjikelezweni we-Otto ingaboniswa ngomdwebo ongezansi. Lo mdwebo ukhombisa imodeli efanelekile yezinqubo ze-thermodynamic ezenzeka enjinini yokushisa yangaphakathi esebenzisa uphethiloli.
Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli ingena kwisilinda (a). Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli icindezelwa ngokwe-adiabatically (a-b). Qaphela ukuthi ivolumu yesilinda iyancipha. Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli ishiswa ngevolumu engaguquki - ingxube iyashiswa (b-c). Igesi eshisiwe idlula ekunwetshweni kwe-adiabatic (c-d). Iphola ngevolumu engaguquki - igesi eshisiwe ikhishwa iye epayipini lokukhipha umoya kanye nengxube entsha yomhwamuko kaphethiloli ingena kwisilinda (d-a).
Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli ingena kwisilinda (a). Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli icindezelwa ngokwe-adiabatically (a-b). Qaphela ukuthi ivolumu yesilinda iyancipha. Ingxube yomoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli ishiswa ngevolumu engaguquki - ingxube iyashiswa (b-c). Igesi eshisiwe idlula ekunwetshweni kwe-adiabatic (c-d). Iphola ngevolumu engaguquki - igesi eshisiwe ikhishwa iye epayipini lokukhipha umoya kanye nengxube entsha yomhwamuko kaphethiloli ingena kwisilinda (d-a).
Umjikelezo Kadizili
Isimiso sokusebenza senjini yedizili sifana nesenjini yephethiloli. Umehluko usesigabeni sokuqala sokucindezela i-adiabatic (ukucindezela i-adiabatic = ukucindezela okwenziwa ngokushesha kangangokuthi ukushisa akunaso isikhathi sokugeleza kungene noma kuphume ohlelweni. Uhlelo kulokhu luyisilinda). Ngesikhathi kusenjini yephethiloli, okucindezelwe yingxube yomoya nomhwamuko kaphethiloli, enjini yephethiloli kuphela umoya ocindezelwe. Ukucindezela kwe-Adiabatic kubangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa nokucindezela komoya kukhuphuke. Okulandelayo, i-injector, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-injector, ifutha idizili. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa nokucindezela komoya sekuvele kuphezulu kakhulu, lapho idizili ifuthwa kuyisilinda, idizili iyavutha ngokushesha. Asikho isidingo se-spark plug. Qaphela inani lokucindezela eliboniswe kumdwebo ongezansi. Qhathanisa nenani lokucindezela eliboniswe kumdwebo womjikelezo we-Otto.
Lo mdwebo ukhombisa umjikelezo wedizili ofanele. Ekuqaleni, umoya ucindezelwa ngokwe-adiabatic (a-b), bese ushiswa ngokucindezela okungaguquki - i-injector ifafaza idizili bese kuba khona ukusha (b-c), igesi eshisiwe idlula ekukhuleni kwe-adiabatic (c-d), iphole ngomthamo ongaguquki - igesi eshisiwe ikhishwa ngepayipi lokukhipha umoya bese umoya omusha ungena kwisilinda (d-a).
Ngokusekelwe encazelweni engenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi injini ngayinye yokushisa ngokuyisisekelo inomuthi othize osebenzayo. Umuthi osebenzayo wenjini yomusi ngamanzi, umuthi osebenzayo wenjini kaphethiloli umoya kanye nomhwamuko kaphethiloli, umuthi osebenzayo wenjini kaphethiloli umoya kanye nedizili. Umuthi osebenzayo uvame ukumunca ukushisa ekushiseni okuphezulu (Q H ), usebenza (W), bese ukhipha ukushisa okusele ekushiseni okuphansi (Q L ). Ngenxa yokuthi amandla alondolozwa, khona-ke u-Q H = W + Q L.
Ukusebenza Kahle Kwenjini Yokushisa
Ukusebenza kahle (e) kwenjini yokushisa kuyisilinganiso esiphakathi komsebenzi (W) owenziwe yinjini kanye nokufakwa kokushisa ekushiseni okuphezulu (Q H ). Ngokwezibalo, kungabhalwa kanje:
I-W yinzuzo esiyitholayo, kanti i-QH yindleko esizitholayo zokuthenga nokushisa uphethiloli. Njengabantu abahlale befuna ukuthola inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kanye nezindleko ezincane kakhulu, sithemba ngempela ukuthi inzuzo esiyitholayo (W) ilingana nezindleko esizitholayo (QH). Ingabe lokho kungenzeka?
Ngokusekelwe ekulondolozweni kwamandla, ukushisa okufakwayo (Q H ) kumele kulingane nomsebenzi (W) owenziwe + ukushisa okukhishwe (Q L ). Ngokwezibalo:
Ukuze uveze ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa njengephesenti, mane uphindaphinde i-equation yokusebenza kahle ngo-100%. Ngokusekelwe ku-equation yokusebenza kahle engenhla, uma ukushisa kwenqatshwa kakhulu (Q L ) yinjini yokushisa, kulapho kungasebenzi kahle khona. Singathanda kakhulu ukuba nokushisa okuncane okwenqatshwayo (Q L ) ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kokushisa (Q H ) kuvame ukutholakala ngokushisa uwoyela, amalahle, igesi, njll. (amafutha esiwakhokhelayo).
Ngakho-ke, yonke injini yokushisa iklanyelwe ukuba isebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. Nakuba sifisa inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okuncane kakhulu, iqiniso liwukuthi izinjini zomusi ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle cishe ngo-40%, kanti izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi cishe zingama-50%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye yokushisa ekhiqizwa uphethiloli ovuthayo iyachithwa. Ingxenye kuphela eguqulwa ibe amandla omshini.
Isibonelo sombuzo 1:
Injini yokushisa imunca ama-Joules angu-3000 okushisa (Q H ), yenza umsebenzi (W) futhi ikhiphe ama-Joules angu-2500 okushisa (Q L ). Iyini ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa?
Ingxoxo
Isibonelo sombuzo 2:
Injini yokushisa imunca ama-Joules angu-3000 okushisa (Q H ), iyasebenza (W) futhi ikhiphe ama-Joules angu-2000 okushisa (Q L ). Iyini ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa?
Ingxoxo
Isibonelo sombuzo 3:
Injini yokushisa imunca ama-Joules angu-3000 okushisa (Q H ), iyasebenza (W) futhi ikhiphe ama-Joules angu-1500 okushisa (Q L ). Iyini ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yokushisa?
Ingxoxo
