I-Lorenz Curve: Ukuqonda Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani Kwemali Engenayo
Njengethuluzi lokuhlaziya kwezomnotho, i-Lorenz curve iyisithombe esichaza ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo noma ingcebo emphakathini. I-curve iqanjwe ngoMax O. Lorenz, isazi sezomnotho saseMelika esayethula ngo-1905. Ukuqonda i-Lorenz curve kusisiza ukuhlola izinga lokungalingani kwemali engenayo futhi kusinikeza ukuqonda ngokusatshalaliswa kwezomnotho.
Ukuqonda kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo Ye-Lorenz Curve
Ijika likaLorenz liwumdwebo okhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo (noma ingcebo) eqongelelekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nenani labantu eliqongelelekayo. I-axis evundlile ikhombisa inani labantu eliqongelelekayo, kuyilapho i-axis eqondile ikhombisa inani labantu eliqongelelekayo lemali engenayo noma ingcebo.
Uma sidweba ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo okulinganayo ngokuphelele, umphumela uzoba umugqa oqondile ongamadigri angu-45 owaziwa ngokuthi umugqa wokulingana okuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo okungalingani kungadala umugqa ogoba ngaphansi kwalo mugqa wokulingana. Lapho umugqa uqhubeka ukusuka emgqeni wokulingana, kulapho izinga lokungalingani kwemali engenayo liphakama khona ezweni noma esifundeni.
Ukubala Nokuhumusha I-Lorenz Curve
Ukuze uqonde ijika likaLorenz, kubalulekile ukukwazi ukubala nokuhumusha idatha ngendlela efanele. Le nqubo ingaqala ngokuqoqa idatha yemali engenayo kubantu abafundwayo. Idatha bese ihlelwa kusukela kwabaphansi kuya kwabaphezulu. Okulandelayo, sibala amaphesenti ahlanganisiwe emali engenayo kanye nenani labantu ukuze sidwebe ijika.
Isibonelo, uma abantu abangu-20% abaphansi belawula u-5% kuphela wemali engenayo iyonke, iphuzu elihambisanayo ku-Lorenz curve lizoba ku-(0.2; 0.05). Le nqubo iphindaphindwa kubo bonke abantu, ekugcineni yakha i-curve.
Ngenxa yalokho, uma ijika lisondela emgqeni wokulingana okuphelele, lokhu kubonisa izinga eliphansi lokungalingani. Kodwa-ke, uma ijika likude nalo mugqa, izinga lokungalingani liphezulu.
Inkomba ye-Gini: Isilinganiso Sokungalingani
Ukuze kuhambisane nokuhlaziywa, inkomba ye-Gini ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nejika likaLorenz. Le nkomba ibalwa ngokusekelwe endaweni ephakathi kwejika likaLorenz nomugqa wokulingana okuphelele, ihlukaniswe ngendawo iyonke ngaphansi komugqa. Inani le-Gini lisukela ku-0 kuya ku-1, kanti u-0 ubonisa ukulingana okuphelele kanye no-1 ubonisa ukungalingani okuphelele.
Isibonelo, uma izwe linenkomba ye-Gini engu-0,3, lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe linokwabiwa kwemali engenayo okulinganayo kunezwe elinenkomba ye-Gini engu-0,6.
Ukusetshenziswa kweLorenz Curve kwiNqubomgomo Yezomnotho
Ijika likaLorenz kanye nenkomba yeGini kuvame ukuba amathuluzi abalulekile kubenzi bezinqubomgomo ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kabusha komnotho. Isibonelo, uma ukuhlaziywa kwembula amazinga aphezulu okungalingani, uhulumeni angakhuthazwa ukuthi aqalise intela eqhubekayo, lapho amaqembu anemali engenayo ephezulu ekhokha iphesenti eliphezulu lentela. Ezinye izindlela zingafaka phakathi ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi noma uxhaso lwamaqembu aswele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijika likaLorenz lingasiza ekuhloleni izinguquko ekwabiweni kwemali engenayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo, uma izwe lisebenzisa izinqubomgomo zomnotho ezinciphisa ngempumelelo ukungalingani, ijika likaLorenz eminyakeni elandelayo lizosondela emgqeni wokulingana okuphelele kunaseminyakeni edlule.
Ukugxekwa kanye nokulinganiselwa kweLorenz Curve
Nakuba iwusizo, ijika leLorenz alinazo izinkinga zalo. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi lingasetshenziswa kuphela ukuhlaziya ukwabiwa okulinganayo, njengemali engenayo noma ingcebo, ngaphandle kokucabangela ezinye izici zempilo-nhle, njengokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo noma emfundweni.
Lo mugqa awukwanele futhi ekuboniseni umehluko wesifunda noma wabantu ekwabiweni kwemali engenayo. Isibonelo, izwe lingase libe nomugqa weLorenz okhombisa ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo ngokuphelele, kodwa kungase kube nokungafani okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize ijika lingabonisa ukungalingani ngokwezibalo, alinikezi ukuqonda ngezimbangela eziyisisekelo zalokho kungalingani. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwejika likaLorenz kumele kuhlanganiswe nokuhlaziywa okujulile kwezici ezibangela ukungalingani ukuze kunikezwe isithombe esiphelele.
Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Nokungalingani
Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, ijika likaLorenz lisiza ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kuwo wonke amazwe. Imibiko evamile enyatheliswa yizinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njengeBhange Lomhlaba ivame ukusebenzisa lelijika ukukala inqubekela phambili ekunciphiseni ukungalingani komhlaba wonke.
Naphezu kokwehla kokungalingani kwemali engenayo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokukhula komnotho okusheshayo emazweni asathuthuka, amazwe amaningi athuthukile abhekene nokungalingani okwandayo. Ijika likaLorenz liyithuluzi elibalulekile ekufundeni lesi simo, linikeza ukuqonda kwabenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nezifundiswa ukwakha amasu asebenzayo okubhekana nezinselelo.
Isiphetho
Ijika likaLorenz liyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya lokuhlola ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kanye nokungalingani ngaphakathi kwesibalo sabantu. Ngokubonisa ngokubonakalayo ukuqhathanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo yangempela nalokho obekulindelekile, ijika lisiza ekuboneni amazinga kanye nezinguquko ekungalinganini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, njenganoma yiliphi ithuluzi lokuhlaziya, i-Lorenz curve isebenza kahle kakhulu uma isetshenziswa kanye namanye amathuluzi nezindlela zokuveza isithombe esiphelele sokusatshalaliswa komnotho. Naphezu kwemingcele yayo, ukusebenzisa le curve kanye ne-Gini index kanye nokuhlaziywa okujulile kwezimbangela zokungalingani kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kubenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nosomnotho ukuze bathuthukise izixazululo ezilinganayo nezisimeme.
