Izibalo ziyigatsha lezibalo eliphathelene nokuqoqwa, ukuhlaziywa, ukuchazwa, kanye nokwethulwa kwedatha. Ezingeni lesikole samabanga aphezulu, izibalo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yekharikhulamu yezibalo ngoba zisiza abafundi baqonde ukuthi idatha isetshenziswa kanjani ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila. Omunye wemibono eyisisekelo efundwayo kuzibalo "isilinganiso sokubeka." Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokujulile ngesilinganiso sokubeka, izinhlobo zako, indlela yokukubala, kanye nokubaluleka kwako ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha.
Ukuqonda Usayizi Wokubekwa
Isilinganiso sesikhundla yisilinganiso sezibalo esisetshenziselwa ukuchaza isikhundla esihlobene senani ngaphakathi kwesethi yedatha. Lesi silinganiso sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi idatha isatshalaliswa kanjani kanye nokunquma isikhundla sedatha ethile ngaphakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Ngesilinganiso sesikhundla, singakwazi ukubona ukuthi amanani athile atholakala kuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi aphezulu noma aphansi kunesilinganiso, nokuthi idatha isatshalaliswa kanjani iyonke.
Izindlela zokulinganisa ezivamile zokusatshalaliswa ezifundiswa esikoleni samabanga aphezulu zifaka phakathi ama-quartiles, ama-deciles, nama-percentile. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela zokulinganisa ihlukanisa idatha ibe izingxenye ezilinganayo ukusiza ukuqonda indawo ehlobene yedatha ngaphakathi kwesethi yedatha.
I-Quartile
Ama-Quartile ayizilinganiso zokusatshalaliswa ezihlukanisa idatha ehlungiwe ibe izingxenye ezine ezilinganayo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-quartile eziyinhloko:
– Ikota yokuqala (Umbuzo 1): Hlukanisa u-25% omncane kakhulu wedatha ngo-75%. Umbuzo 1 yinani elingaphansi kwaleli elingama-25% wedatha.
– Ikota yesibili (Q2) noma i-median: Ihlukanisa idatha ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo. I-Q2 inani eliphakathi ledatha, lapho u-50% wedatha ewela ngaphansi kwayo kanti u-50% wedatha ewela ngaphezu kwayo.
– Ikota yesithathu (Umbuzo 3): Hlukanisa u-75% omncane kakhulu wedatha ngo-25%. Umbuzo 3 yinani elingaphansi kwalapho u-75% wedatha ekhona.
Isibonelo sokubala kwekota:
Ake sithi kukhona idatha elandelayo: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Hlela idatha: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Thola i-Q2 (ephakathi): idatha yesi-5 neyesi-6 (13 kanye ne-14), ngakho-ke i-median = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
3. Thola u-Q1: idatha yesi-2 neyesi-3 (7 kanye no-8), ngakho u-Q1 = (7 + 8) / 2 = 7.5.
4. Thola u-Q3: idatha yesi-8 neyesi-9 (21 kanye no-23), ngakho u-Q3 = (21 + 23) / 2 = 22.
I-Desil
Ama-Deciles ayisilinganiso sokusabalalisa esihlukanisa idatha ehlungwe ibe izingxenye eziyishumi ezilinganayo. Isibonelo:
– I-decile yokuqala (D1): Hlukanisa u-10% omncane kakhulu wedatha ngo-90% omkhulu kakhulu wedatha.
– I-decile yesihlanu (D5): Ngokufanayo ne-median, ihlukanisa idatha ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo (50%).
Isibonelo sokubala okuqondile:
Ake sithi kukhona idatha elandelayo: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Hlela idatha: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Thola i-D1: Idatha yesi-1 neyesi-2 (5 kanye no-7), ngakho-ke i-D1 = (5 + 7) / 2 = 6.
3. Thola i-D5 (ephakathi): Idatha yesi-5 neyesi-6 (13 kanye ne-14), ngakho-ke i-median = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
4. Thola i-D9: Idatha yesi-9 neyesi-10 (23 kanye no-27), ngakho-ke i-D9 = (23 + 27) / 2 = 25.
Iphesenti
Iphesenti iyisilinganiso sokusabalalisa esihlukanisa idatha ehlungiwe ibe yizingxenye eziyikhulu ezilinganayo. Amaphesenti asetshenziselwa ukukhombisa indawo ehlobene yenani ngaphakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Isibonelo:
– Iphesenti lama-25 (P25): Kufana nekota yokuqala (Q1), kuhlukanisa u-25% omncane kakhulu wedatha ngo-75% omkhulu kakhulu wedatha.
– Iphesenti lama-50 (P50): Kufana ne-quartile ephakathi noma yesibili (Q2).
– Iphesenti lama-75 (P75): Kufana nekota yesithathu (Q3).
Isibonelo sokubalwa kwephesenti:
Ake sithi kukhona idatha elandelayo: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Hlela idatha: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Thola i-P25: Idatha yesi-2 neyesi-3 yile (7 kanye no-8), ngakho-ke i-P25 = (7 + 8) / 2 = 7.5.
3. Thola i-P50 (ephakathi): Idatha yesi-5 neyesi-6 ingu-(13 no-14), ngakho-ke i-median = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
4. Thola i-P75: Idatha yesi-8 neyesi-9 yile (21 kanye no-23), ngakho-ke i-P75 = (21 + 23) / 2 = 22.
Ukubaluleka Kosayizi Wokubekwa
Izilinganiso zokusatshalaliswa zibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo ngoba zinikeza ulwazi mayelana nendawo ehlobene yenani ngaphakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Ngokuqonda ama-quartiles, ama-deciles, nama-percentile, singanquma ukuthi idatha iqukethe amanani amaningi aphezulu noma aphansi, kanye nendlela idatha esatshalaliswa ngayo. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, njenge:
1. Ezomnotho: Ukuhlaziya ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo noma ingcebo yabantu.
2. I-Psychology: Ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwamaphuzu okuhlolwa noma ezinye izilinganiso.
3. Imfundo: Ukuhlola imiphumela yezivivinyo nokunquma izikhundla zabafundi emaqenjini abo.
4. Impilo: Ukuhlola ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha yezempilo efana nomfutho wegazi noma amazinga e-cholesterol kubantu.
Isicelo Sosayizi Wokubekwa
Izilinganiso zokubekwa nazo ziwusizo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha. Isibonelo, kwezemfundo, ama-percentile asetshenziselwa ukukala abafundi. Umfundi okwi-percentile engama-90 ubhekwa njengowenza kangcono kunabanye abafundi abangama-90%.
Kwezomnotho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-decile kungasetshenziswa ukukala ukungalingani kwemali engenayo. Isibonelo, ngokuhlonza i-decile yemali engenayo yezigaba eziphakeme neziphansi kakhulu, singathola ukuqonda ngokungalingani kwezomnotho emphakathini.
Kwezempilo, ama-percentile avame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukukhula kwezingane. Isibonelo, uma ingane ikwi-percentile engama-75 ngobude, lokho kusho ukuthi ingane iphakeme kune-75% yezingane ezineminyaka yazo.
Isiphetho
Izilinganiso zokubekwa ziyimiqondo eyisisekelo kwizibalo ezibalulekile kubafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu ukuze baziqonde. Ama-Quartile, ama-decile, nama-percentile asivumela ukuthi siqonde isikhundla esihlobene senani ngaphakathi kwesethi yedatha futhi sithole ukuqonda ngokusatshalaliswa kwayo. Ukuqonda le miqondo kuzosiza abafundi ukuthi bahlaziye kangcono idatha futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi.
Izibalo, ngezilinganiso zazo ezahlukene zokubekwa, azisizi nje kuphela abafundi ukuqonda idatha esimweni sezemfundo kodwa futhi zibalungiselela ukusebenzisa idatha empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuqonda okuqinile kwezilinganiso zokubekwa, abafundi bangaqiniseka kakhulu ekubhekaneni nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlaziywa kwedatha kule nkathi yolwazi.
