Umehluko phakathi kwe-Prehistoric Archaeology kanye ne-Historical Archaeology
Isayensi yemivubukulo yisayensi efunda ngokudlulela kubantu ngokusebenzisa izinsalela zezinto abazishiyile, njengamathuluzi, izakhiwo, izinsalela zokudla, kanye nezindawo ezibunjwe imisebenzi yabantu. Empeleni, isayensi yemivubukulo inamagatsha amaningana kanye nokukhethekile. Izigaba ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ukugxila kocwaningo lwemivubukulo yisayensi yemivubukulo yangaphambi komlando kanye nesayensi yemivubukulo yomlando. Zombili zihlose ukuqonda impilo yomuntu yangaphambilini, kodwa ziyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo zemithombo, isikhathi, izindlela, kanye nezindlela zokuhumusha idatha.
Okulandelayo incazelo ecacile nebanzi yomehluko phakathi kwezinto zakudala zakudala kanye nezinto zakudala.
1. Umehluko encazelweni nasebubanzini
Isayensi yezinto zakudala zangaphambi komlando iwukufunda ngezikhathi zezinto zakudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu bathuthukise ukubhala, noma lapho kungekho marekhodi abhaliwe okwakha kabusha impilo yangaphambilini. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yezinto zakudala zasendulo incike ngokuphelele ebufakazini obuphathekayo kanye nomongo wokutholwa kwensimu.
Okwamanje, isayensi yezinto zakudala ihlola izikhathi lapho imiphakathi yayazi kakade ukuthi ingabhalwa kanjani futhi ishiye amarekhodi abhaliwe (isb., imibhalo eqoshiwe, imibhalo yesandla, imibhalo egciniwe yamakoloni, amadayari okuhamba, amamephu, kanye nemibhalo yokuphatha). Isayensi yezinto zakudala isagxila ezintweni nasezindaweni, kodwa isekelwa—futhi ivame ukuhlolwa—yidatha yombhalo.
Ngamafuphi, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili usekutholakaleni kwemithombo ebhaliwe: umlando wangaphambi kokubhala, umlando obhalwe ngokubhala.
2. Umehluko Esikhathini Sokufunda
Isikhathi sokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala ngokuvamile side kakhulu, sihlanganisa ngisho nezigidi zeminyaka uma sihlanganisa isikhathi sabantu bokuqala kanye nokuvela kwamasiko okuqala. Esimweni sase-Indonesia, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kuvame ukumboza izikhathi zePaleolithic (Isikhathi Samatshe Esidala), iMesolithic, iNeolithic, kanye neMegalithic, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuqhubeka kuze kube sekuqaleni kweNkathi Yethusi (Isikhathi Sensimbi) ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ubufakazi obubhaliwe endaweni ethile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isayensi yezinto zakudala ihlanganisa isikhathi "esincane" ngokulandelana kwezikhathi: isikhathi kusukela lapho imibhalo ebhaliwe yaqala ukuvela kuze kube sesikhathini esiseduze kakhulu nosuku lwanamuhla. E-Indonesia, isayensi yezinto zakudala ingahlanganisa imibuso yamaHindu namaBuddha (isib. ubufakazi bombhalo), isikhathi samaSulumane (imibhalo yesandla namasiko ezincwadi achuma), isikhathi samakoloni (izingobo zomlando eziningi), ngisho nesikhathi sanamuhla sokuqala.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela: umngcele phakathi komlando wangaphambi komlando nomlando awufani ngaso sonke isikhathi kuzo zonke izifunda. Ezinye izindawo zafunda ukubhala ngaphambilini, kanti ezinye zakufunda kamuva. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi komlando wangaphambi komlando nomlando kuncike kumongo.
3. Umehluko Ezinhlotsheni Zomthombo Wedatha
a. Imithombo Yezinto Zasendulo Zangaphambi Komlando
Izinto zakudala ezivubukulayo zincike emithonjeni yezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nalezi:
– Amathuluzi amatshe (izimbazo zokunquma, ama-flakes, amakhanda emicibisholo)
- Izitsha zobumba zakuqala, amathuluzi ethambo, ubuhlalu
– Imidwebo yemihume, izinsalela zezindlu, izindawo zomlilo
- Amathuna angaphambi komlando kanye nezinsiza zamathuna
- Izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane, iminonjana yokudla, kanye nezindawo zasendulo
Ngoba ngaphandle kombhalo, yonke imininingwane yomongo wokutholwa iba yinto ebalulekile: izendlalelo zenhlabathi, indawo yezinto zobuciko, ukuhlangana phakathi kokutholwa, kanye nezimpawu zomsebenzi womuntu.
b. Imithombo Yezinto Ezivubukulayo Zomlando
Isayensi yemivubukulo yomlando isebenzisa inhlanganisela yalokhu okulandelayo:
– Izinto zobuciko (izitsha zobumba, izinsimbi, imali, ubucwebe, izikhali)
– Izakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo (amathempeli, ama-mosque amadala, izinqaba, izindawo zokuhlala zamakoloni)
– Izinsalela zezinhlelo zokukhiqiza (izimboni zikashukela, izimayini, izitimela)
– Imibhalo ebhaliwe (imibhalo eqoshiwe, imibhalo yesandla, imibhalo egciniwe kahulumeni, amarekhodi ezithunywa zevangeli/abahwebi)
– Amamephu, izithombe ezindala, kanye namasiko aqoshiwe omlomo
Njengoba kukhona imibhalo, izazi zemivubukulo yomlando zingaqhathanisa “izindaba” zemibhalo nezinto ezitholwe ensimini, okuhlanganisa nokuhlola ukucwasa noma izikhala zolwazi emarekhodi abhaliwe.
4. Umehluko Ezindleleni Zokucwaninga Nezindlela Zokucwaninga
Emivubukulweni yasendulo, izindlela ezifana nokumba okune-stratigraphic kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zezinto zobuciko zivamile. Ukunquma ubudala bendawo kuvame ukuncika kumasu okuthandana kwesayensi, isibonelo:
– I-Radiocarbon (C-14) yezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo
- I-Thermoluminescence yezinye izinto zobumba
– Ukukhanya Okushukunyiswa Ngokukhanya (i-OSL) kwenhlabathi
– Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Geological, palynological (impova) kanye ne-zooarchaeological
Uma kungekho mibhalo, ukuhumusha kwangaphambi komlando kuncike emaphethini akhona: indlela amathuluzi enziwa ngayo, asetshenziswa ngayo, futhi alahlwa ngayo; indlela abantu abafuduka ngayo; indlela izindawo zokuhlala ezakheka ngayo; kanye nendlela izinguquko zemvelo ezathonya ngayo isiko.
Emivubukulweni yomlando, ngaphezu kokumba nokuhlaziya izinto zobuciko, abacwaningi benza futhi:
- Izifundo ze-archival kanye ne-philological (ukufunda imithombo yakudala)
- Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Epigraphic (imibhalo eqoshiwe)
- Ucwaningo lwezithombe zesakhiwo kanye nezitayela zobuciko
- Ukulingisa ukuhlela indawo yasemadolobheni, umnotho, kanye namanethiwekhi ezohwebo ngokusekelwe kudatha ebhaliwe neyokusebenza
Izindlela zomlando wezinto zakudala zivame ukuhlanganisa izifundo zemivubukulo, umlando, i-anthropology, kanye nezifundo zemibhalo.
5. Umehluko endleleni yokuhumusha okutholakele
Isayensi yemivubukulo yangaphambi komlando ichaza isikhathi esidlule ngokuyinhloko ngokuphetha: ukwakha amaphethini okuphila angase abe khona ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuphathekayo. Isibonelo, ukutholakala kwamathambo ezilwane ezithile namathuluzi okusika kungaholela eziphethweni mayelana namaphethini okuzingela nokusetshenziswa. Imidwebo yemihume inganikeza izinkomba zezimpawu nezinkolelo, yize incazelo yayo eqondile ivame ukuba nzima ukuyithola.
Isayensi yemivubukulo yomlando inezinzuzo zemibhalo engabiza izindawo, izibalo, imicimbi, izinhlelo zentela, ngisho nohlu lwezimpahla. Kodwa imibhalo nayo inezinkinga: ingaba yinkulumo-ze, ibonise imibono yabantu abaphezulu, noma inganaki amaqembu athile. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yemivubukulo yomlando ivame ukusebenza njengokuphikisana, isibonelo, ikhombisa izimpilo zabantu abavamile ngokutholakele kwasekhaya okungabhalwanga ezincwadini ezisemthethweni.
Ngamanye amazwi, umlando wangaphambi komlando uncike kakhulu “olwimini lwezinto,” kuyilapho umlando uhlanganisa “ulimi lwezinto” kanye “nolimi lwemibhalo.”
6. Umehluko Phakathi Kwezihloko Nemibuzo Yocwaningo
Imibuzo evamile ekuvubukulweni kwezinto zakudala ihlanganisa:
– Abantu baqala nini ukuhlala phansi nokulima?
– Ubuchwepheshe bamathuluzi amatshe bathuthuke kanjani?
– Kwenzeka kanjani ukufuduka nokusabalala kwabantu?
– Abantu bahlobene kanjani nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu sasendulo?
Imibuzo evamile ekuvubukulweni kwezinto zakudala ihlanganisa:
– Sakhiwa kanjani isakhiwo somuzi wasebukhosini noma wamakoloni?
– Amanethiwekhi okuhweba ngezitsha zobumba nezinongo ayesebenza kanjani?
– Kwenzeka kanjani ukuxhumana kwamasiko phakathi kwabokufika kanye nezakhamuzi zendawo?
– Imikhuba yenkolo ibonakala kanjani ezakhiweni nasezintweni zobuciko?
Nakuba izihloko zihlukile, zombili zizama ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho kanye namasiko abantu.
7. Izibonelo Ezilula Zomehluko Ezintweni Zokufunda
Ukuze kube lula, cabanga ngamasayithi amabili:
1. Imihume yangaphambi komlando enemidwebo yodonga namathuluzi okugoba: abavubukuli basendulo bazama ukuphendula ukuthi ubani owayenza, ukuthi yenziwa nini, nokuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wayo, ngaphandle kosizo lwemibhalo ebhaliwe.
2. Inqaba yamakoloni enezingcezu zamabhodlela, izinhlamvu zemali kanye nezingobo zomlando zamamephu: abavubukuli bomlando bangaxhumanisa okutholakele namarekhodi okwakhiwa kwenqaba, imisebenzi yezempi, ezohwebo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi.
Zombili ziseyizinto zakudala, kodwa amasu okufunda ahlukile.
Isiphetho
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto zakudala kanye nezinto zakudala zomlando usekubeni khona kwemithombo ebhaliwe. Izinto zakudala zomlando zihlola isikhathi esingaphambi kokubhala, zithembele kuphela kudatha yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nosuku lwesayensi, kuyilapho izinto zakudala zomlando zihlanganisa idatha yezinto ezibonakalayo nemibhalo ebhaliwe ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha isikhathi esidlule ngendlela ecebile nebucayi kakhulu. Naphezu kwezindlela zazo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zemithombo, lezi ezimbili ziyahambisana ekuchazeni uhambo olude lwesintu kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala kuze kube manje.
Uma ufisa, ngingakusiza ngokungeza izibonelo ezithile ezivela e-Indonesia (isib. iSangiran, iLeang-Leang, iBorobudur, iKota Tua, noma i-VOC forts) ukuze ngenze lesi sihloko sibe nomongo ongcono.
