Ubuchwepheshe Babantu Bangaphambi Komlando
Uma abantu bezwa igama elithi "ubuchwepheshe," bavame ukucabanga ngemishini eyinkimbinkimbi, amakhompyutha, noma ubuhlakani bokwenziwa. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe buyizo zonke izindlela, amathuluzi, nolwazi olusebenzayo abantu abalusebenzisayo ukuxazulula izinkinga nokusinda. Ngale ndlela, abantu basendulo babengabasunguli abakhulu ababeka isisekelo sentuthuko yempucuko. Babephila ngaphandle kokubhala, amafektri, nogesi, kodwa babekwazi ukudala amathuluzi, ukuba yingcweti ekushiseni umlilo, ukwakha izindlu, nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuzingela nokulima ezashintsha umlando wesintu unomphela.
Ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe ezikhathini zasendulo
I-prehistory ibhekisela esikhathini sangaphambi kokuba abantu bathuthukise ukubhala. Ngenxa yokuthi amarekhodi abhaliwe awekho, ulwazi lwethu luvela ezintweni zobuciko ezifana namathuluzi amatshe, amathambo, izingcezu zokudla, imidwebo yemihume, kanye nemikhondo yezindawo zokuhlala. Ubuchwepheshe bangaphambi komlando budlulela ngale kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuya kumakhono namasu: indlela yokwenza amathuluzi, ukukhetha izinto, ukwakha ukubambisana kweqembu, nokuqonda amaphethini esizini kanye nokuziphatha kwezilwane. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuvame ukuvela ezidingweni eziyisisekelo kakhulu: ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokusinda ezingozini zemvelo.
Amathuluzi amatshe: isisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokuqala
Esinye sezici ezisobala kakhulu zobuchwepheshe basendulo ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amatshe. Lesi sikhathi eside sivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezifana nePaleolithic (Isikhathi Samatshe Esidala), iMesolithic (Isikhathi Samatshe Esiphakathi), kanye neNeolithic (Isikhathi Samatshe Esisha). Ngesikhathi sePaleolithic, amathuluzi ayelula, njengezicucu noma ama-flakes amatshe abukhali asetshenziselwa ukusika inyama, ukuhlikihla izilwane, noma ukucubungula izinkuni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu bafunda ukukhetha amatshe asezingeni eliphezulu—njenge-chert noma i-obsidian—ngoba kwakulula ukuwahlukanisa futhi kwakhiqiza imiphetho ebukhali.
Ukwenza amathuluzi amatshe kwakudinga ukunemba: ukushaya itshe eliyinhloko ngesando nge-engeli ethile ukuze kukhiqizwe i-flake efiselekayo. Lokhu kwabonisa amakhono okunyakaza okuhle, ukuhlela, kanye nokuqonda imbangela nomphumela. Njengoba amathuluzi ayethuthuka, aba aqondile kakhulu: izinhloko zemikhonto, imimese yamatshe, kanye nezikrwela. Ukuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi yamathuluzi kwaphawula ubunzima obukhulayo bokuphila komuntu.
Ubuciko bomlilo: inguquko yangaphambi komlando
Akukho buchwepheshe basendulo obabubaluleke kakhulu kunokulawula umlilo. Umlilo washintsha indlela abantu ababedla ngayo, ababephila ngayo, futhi bexhumana ngayo nendawo abahlala kuyo. Ngomlilo, abantu babekwazi ukupheka ukudla, okwenza kube mnene, kuphephe ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, futhi kube lula ukukugaya. Umthelela wadlula ukulula: ukudla amandla okusebenza kahle kukholakala ukuthi kuye kwasiza ekuthuthukisweni kobuchopho bomuntu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umlilo wawuphinde wanikeza ukufudumala nokuvikelwa ezitheni. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, ikhono lokugcina umlilo uvutha lavumela abantu ukuba bandise indawo yabo yokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlilo wawusetshenziselwa ukucubungula izinto: ukuqinisa izinsika zokhuni, ukusiza ekusebenzeni ngamatshe, futhi kamuva ukuhlanzwa komhlaba ngokushisa okulawulwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umlilo wawuwubuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo obaqala ukuba yisisekelo semisebenzi yomphakathi yemiphakathi yasendulo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuzingela nokubamba: amasu namathuluzi
Ukuzingela kwakuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu basendulo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzingela nokuqoqa. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzingela bashintsha kusukela ekulandeleni okulula nokuhlasela kuya ekusebenziseni izikhali ezikude. Imikhonto enezinsika zamatshe, imikhonto, kanye namadivayisi okuphonsa (njenge-atlatl kwamanye amasiko) kwandisa ububanzi namandla okuhlasela. Ngaphezu kwezikhali, abantu baphinde bakha izingibe nezingibe zokubamba izilwane ezincane, futhi basebenzisa ulwazi lokufuduka kwezilwane kanye nemikhuba.
Ukubambisana kweqembu "kuwubuchwepheshe bezenhlalo" obubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu kudinga ukubambisana: ukuqondisa izilwane ezingibeni zemvelo, emihosheni, noma ezindaweni ezincane. Basebenzisa i-topography kanye nokuziphatha kwezilwane, okubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abuyona into ebonakalayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa futhi buwuhlelo lolwazi namasu.
Ezindaweni ezisogwini noma eduze kwemifula, kwavela ubuchwepheshe bokudoba: izingwegwe zamathambo, amanetha alula enziwe ngemicu yezitshalo, kanye nemikhonto enamachaphaza amaningi. Amandla okusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi athuthukisa ukudla futhi akhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside.
Izingubo nendawo yokukhosela: ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo
Ukuze baphile ezimweni ezahlukene zezulu, abantu basendulo bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezingubo kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Isikhumba sezilwane sisetshenziswa njengesivikelo somzimba, ngosizo lwesikrufu sokususa inyama enamathele kanye nenaliti emathanjeni okuthunga. Njengoba ikhono lokwenza izingubo lithuthuka, abantu bakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezibandayo futhi babhekane kangcono nezinguquko zesizini.
Izindlu zazihlukahluka: kusukela emihumeni njengezindawo zokukhosela zemvelo, izindlu ezilula ezenziwe ngamagatsha namaqabunga, kuya ezakhiweni ezihlala isikhathi eside. Kwezinye izindawo, ubufakazi bezindlu eziyindilinga ezinezinhlaka zokhuni kanye nezingubo zotshani noma amagxolo butholakele. Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kwakudinga ukukhethwa kwendawo efanele: eduze kwamanzi, ephephile ezikhukhuleni, futhi evikelekile ngokwanele emoyeni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuhlela kwesikhathi esiphakathi kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo.
Ubuciko nezimpawu: ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bokuxhumana
Imidwebo yemihume, izinto eziqoshiwe, kanye nobucwebe begobolondo noma amathambo ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengobuciko nje. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zasendulo, izimpawu zazisebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana kanye nobunikazi. Imidwebo ingaba yindlela yokwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nezilwane ezizingelwayo, izindawo, noma izinkolelo. Ubucwebe bungase bubonise isimo, iqembu, noma izibopho zomphakathi. Ikhono lokudlulisa incazelo ngezimpawu lasiza ekuqiniseni ubumbano lweqembu futhi lalondoloza ulwazi ngokungaqondile.
Nakuba kungebona ubuchwepheshe "obusebenzayo" njengezimbazo noma imikhonto, ubuciko kanye nezimpawu kwakuyizinto ezintsha zokuqonda ezazikhuthaza amasiko ayinkimbinkimbi. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu esiya ezilimini ezihlelekile kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni, ezinhlelweni zokubhala ezikhathini zomlando.
I-Neolithic: ezolimo kanye noguquko lwezobuchwepheshe
Izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka ngesikhathi seNeolithic lapho abantu beqala ukushintsha ekuzingeleni nasekubuthaneni baye kwezolimo nasekufuyeni izilwane. Ezolimo kwakuwubuchwepheshe obashintsha ubudlelwano besintu nemvelo: abantu babengasaqoqi nje lokho okwakutholakala, kodwa baqala ukukhiqiza ukudla. Batshala okusanhlamvu, banakekela izitshalo, futhi bakhulisa izilwane ezinjengezimbuzi nezinkomo.
Lokhu kuguquka kwaveza izinto ezintsha ezintsha: amathuluzi amatshe acwecwe kahle njengezimbazo zesikwele zokugawula imithi, amageja alula okulima inhlabathi, kanye nezitsha zokugcina izinto. Amandla okugcina izitshalo akhuthaze ukwakheka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezizinzile. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlukanisweni okucacile kwabasebenzi: abanye balima, abanye benza amathuluzi, abanye bakha izindlu, kanti abanye banakekela imfuyo.
Kodwa-ke, ezolimo nazo zaletha izinselele: ukuncika ezinkathini zonyaka, ingozi yokwehluleka kwezitshalo, kanye nokwanda kwezifo ngenxa yokuhlala kwabantu abaningi. Ukuze babhekane nalezi zinselele, abantu bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe bokuphathwa kokudla, ukuphathwa kwamanzi, kanye namaphethini okusebenza ngokubambisana. Kuleli qophelo, ubuchwepheshe babungaseyona nje indlela yokuphila, kodwa babuyindlela elawula impilo yomphakathi.
Izitsha zobumba kanye nokugcina: ukuphatha izinsiza
Enye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi seNeolithic kwakuyizinto zobumba. Ubumba lwalubunjwa bese lushiswa ukuze kudalwe izitsha eziqinile zokupheka nokugcina ukudla. Izinto zobumba zenza kube lula ukugcinwa kokusanhlamvu, amanzi, kanye nemikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni kokudla, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesomiso noma lapho ukuzingela kwakunzima.
Ngaphezu kobumba, amabhasikidi enziwe ngemicu yezitshalo ezilukiwe nawo athuthukile. Amasu okuluka ayedinga ukunakekelwa okucophelelayo kanye nokucabanga okuhlelekile. Ngalezi zitsha, abantu babekwazi ukuthutha, ukulinganisa, nokugcina, konke okwaqinisa umnotho osekelwe ekukhiqizeni.
Ukuqala kobuchwepheshe bensimbi: kusukela etsheni kuya ensimbini
Ngasekupheleni komlando wangaphambi komlando, ezindaweni eziningi, abantu baqala ukuthola izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ithusi, bese kuba yithusi nensimbi. Lokhu akwenzekanga ngesikhathi esisodwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa jikelele, ukusansimbi kwaphawula igxathu elikhulu: amathuluzi nezikhali kwaba namandla futhi kwahlala isikhathi eside. Inqubo yayiyinkimbinkimbi: ukumba i-ore, ukuyifudumeza kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, bese uyithululela ezikhumbeni. Lawa makhono ayedinga izinga eliphezulu lokuhlela umsebenzi, ulwazi lwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokulawula umlilo.
Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe bamatshe abuzange bunyamalale ngokushesha. Imiphakathi eminingi yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe kanye nensimbi, kuye ngokutholakala kwezinto kanye nezidingo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bathuthuka kancane kancane futhi buvumelana nezimo, kunokuba bumane "buthathe indawo" endala ngokuphelele entsha.
Isiphetho: ifa lobuchwepheshe basendulo
Ubuchwepheshe babantu bangaphambi komlando buyindaba yokudala ngaphakathi kwemingcele. Kusukela ezinhlamvini zamatshe abukhali kuya ekubuseni umlilo, kusukela ezinalitini zamathambo kuya ezitsheni zobumba, konke okusha kwazalwa ngokubuka, ukuhlola, kanye nokufunda ngokubambisana. Babeka izisekelo zempilo yanamuhla: amaphethini okubambisana, ukuphathwa kwezinsiza, kanye nekhono lokuguqula indawo ezungezile ukuze iphile.
Ukubheka ubuchwepheshe basendulo kusisiza siqonde ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kwabantu akuzange kuvele ngokuzumayo enkathini yanamuhla. Kwathuthuka kancane kancane ezinkulungwaneni zezizukulwane zabantu abasondela emvelweni ngelukuluku kanye nesibindi sokuzama. Ngaphakathi kwethuluzi ngalinye elilula letshe kukhona uphawu lomcabango oyinkimbinkimbi—isikhumbuzo sokuthi uhambo lobuchwepheshe lude kakhulu esintwini.
