Izindawo Zangaphambi Komlando E-Archipelago
Isiqhingi sase-Indonesia sinomlando omude wokuphila kwabantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo—isikhathi lapho abantu babengenalo khona ulwazi ngokuphila futhi ulwazi mayelana nokuphila lwalutholakala ngezinto zobuciko, izinsalela zasendulo, kanye nezinguquko zemvelo. Kusukela entshonalanga yeSumatra kuya empumalanga yePapua, izindawo eziningi zasendulo zibonisa ukuthi lesi siqhingi kwakungeyona nje indlela yokufuduka kwabantu basendulo, kodwa futhi kwakuyindawo lapho amasiko acebile nahlukahlukene athuthuka khona. Izindawo zangaphambi komlando eziqhingini zase-Indonesia zisisiza siqonde imvelaphi yabantu, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinkolelo, kanye namaphethini okuhlala ashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nemvelo.
Incazelo yezindawo zasendulo zesiqhingi
Izindawo zangaphambi komlando ziyizindawo ezigcina izinsalela zomsebenzi wabantu basendulo, njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zamatshe, izinsalela zokudla, amathambo, imidwebo yemihume, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu. Ukuba khona kwalezi zindawo kubalulekile ngoba iziqhingi zase-Indonesia kwakuyindawo yokuhlangana kwamagagasi ahlukahlukene abantu: kusukela ku-Homo erectus, owayephila amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule, kuya kubantu banamuhla (ama-Homo sapiens), kamuva abathuthukisa amasiko obuciko, ezolimo, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngocwaningo lwezinto zakudala, lwe-geological, kanye nolwe-anthropology, izindawo zasendulo zisebenza "njengezingobo zomlando" ezigcina ulwazi mayelana nendlela abantu abasinda futhi bazivumelanisa ngayo nesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo sesiqhingi.
I-Sangiran: “ilabhorethri” yabantu basendulo
Enye yezindawo ezidumile kakhulu yiSangiran Site eCentral Java. Le ndawo iqashelwa yi-UNESCO njengeSayithi Eliyigugu Lomhlaba ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwayo okucebile kwezinsalela zabantu nezilwane kanye nezinto ezenziwe ngamatshe. ISangiran ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ilabhorethri yemvelo" yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu. Izinsalela ze-Homo erectus, amathuluzi amatshe alula, kanye nezendlalelo zomhlabathi eziqopha izinguquko zemvelo ziyisihluthulelo sokuqonda izimpilo zabantu bokuqala e-Asia. Okutholakele eSangiran kubonisa ukuthi abantu bokuqala babekwazi ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezizungezile, njengemifula namathafa avulekile, ngenkathi bebhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kancane kancane.
I-Trinil ne-Ngandong: imikhondo ebalulekile osebeni lomfula i-Bengawan Solo
E-East and Central Java, uMfula iBengawan Solo uqukethe izindawo eziningana ezibalulekile, njengeTrinil neNgandong. I-Trinil yaziwa njengendawo lapho kwatholakala khona "i-Java Man" (i-Homo erectus), uphawu lomhlaba wonke lwe-paleoanthropology. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Ngandong yaveza izinsalela zabantu nezilwane ezisiza ekwakheni ukuqonda kwesigaba sokugcina sokuba khona kwe-Homo erectus eJava. Izindawo eziseduze nomfula iBengawan Solo zibonisa ukuthi umfula wawuyisikhungo sempilo: umthombo wamanzi, umzila wokuhamba, indawo yokudla, kanye nendawo evumela ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi "eyagcina" izinsalela ukuze zitholakale eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kuya kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane kamuva.
ULeang-Leang kanye nemihume yasendulo yaseSulawesi: igalari yobuciko endala kunazo zonke
Nakuba iJava yaziwa ngama-fossil ayo abantu basendulo, iSulawesi yaziwa ngezindawo zayo zemihume yasendulo, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseMaros-Pangkep, njengeLeang-Leang. Imidwebo yezandla nezithombe zezilwane ezindongeni zemihume zifakazela amasiko obuciko basendulo. Imidwebo yemihume ikhombisa amakhono angokomfanekiso nangokomoya abantu bokuqala besimanje. Ubuciko bedwala baseSulawesi buthole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yobudala babo kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yemidwebo yabo, ekhombisa ubudlelwano babantu nemvelo kanye nemikhuba engaba khona yemikhuba. Le mihume iqukethe nezinsalela zokuhlala, njengamathuluzi amatshe, izinsalela zokushiswa, namathambo ezilwane ezizingelwayo.
ULiang Bua, eFlores: indaba kaHomo floresiensis
E-East Nusa Tenggara, iLiang Bua esiqhingini saseFlores ivula isahluko esibalulekile esifundweni sokuziphendukela komuntu. Le ndawo idume ngokutholakala kweHomo floresiensis, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "indoda ye-hobbit" ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane. Ukutholakala kwamathambo, amathuluzi amatshe, kanye nomongo wezinto zakudala kuphakamisa imibuzo ethakazelisayo mayelana nokuzivumelanisa kwabantu nezimo eziqhingini ezincane. ILiang Bua ikhombisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwabantu akuhlali kuqondile; ukuhlukaniswa kweziqhingi kungabangela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuhlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo eziseFlores nazo ziyasiza ekulandeleni uhambo lwabantu banamuhla kanye noshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
IPapua neMaluku: izimpawu zokufuduka kanye nokuhlala kwasekuqaleni
Isifunda esisempumalanga yesiqhingi sase-Indonesia—iPapua neMaluku—sinezindawo ezihlobene nokufuduka kwabantu banamuhla kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasogwini naseziqhingini. Izindawo eziningana zokuhlala emihumeni kanye nezindawo ezivulekile zibonisa ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zasolwandle, njenge-shellfish nezinhlanzi, okubonisa ikhono labantu lokuthuthukisa amasu okuphila olwandle. IPapua nayo inesiko lamasiko elide kakhulu, futhi nakuba ucwaningo lwangaphambi komlando esifundeni luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi isifunda esisempumalanga sasingehlukanisiwe nokugeleza okubanzi komlando wesintu, kodwa kunalokho sasiyingxenye yenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhamba nokushintshana.
Isiko le-Megalithic: amatshe amakhulu njengezimpawu zesiko
Ngaphezu kwezinsalela zasendulo nemihume yasendulo, iziqhingi zase-Indonesia zicebile ngezindawo ezinkulu, izinsalela ngesimo sezakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe ezihlobene nezinkolelo kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi. Izindawo zeMegalithic zitholakala ezifundeni ezahlukene, njengeSumatra (isibonelo, ezindaweni ezithile eziphakeme), iSulawesi, iNusa Tenggara, ngisho neSumba. Ziza ngezindlela ezahlukene: ama-menhir, ama-dolmens, ama-sarcophagi, ngisho namaphiramidi anezitebhisi. Amasiko eMegalithic abonisa ukuba khona kohlelo lokukholelwa kokhokho, amasiko okufa, kanye nokuhlukaniswa komphakathi. Ukuba khona kwamatshe amakhulu, ahleliwe futhi aqoshiwe nakho kubonisa amakhono okusebenza ngokuhlanganyela kanye nobuchwepheshe obathuthukiswa ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe: kusukela kumathuluzi amatshe kuya endleleni yokuphila yokuhlala phansi
Izindawo zangaphambi komlando eziqhingini zase-Indonesia ziqopha isikhathi eside soshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe. Abantu bokuqala babesebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe alula ukusika, ukusika, noma ukucubungula ukudla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amathuluzi ahlukahluka kakhulu, okuhlanganisa amathuluzi e-flake, amathuluzi amathambo, kanye nobufakazi bokucubungula izinsiza eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, kwavela izimpawu zendlela yokuphila ezinzile, okuhlanganisa amaphethini okuhlala kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Lezi zinguquko zazihlobene nokushintsha kwendlela yokuphila yokuzingela nokuqoqa kuya kwezolimo, yize inqubo yayingafani kuzo zonke iziqhingi futhi yayithonywe kakhulu yizimo zemvelo zendawo.
Izinselele zokulondoloza izindawo zasendulo
Izindawo zangaphambi komlando zibhekene nezinsongo eziningi: ukuguguleka kwemvelo, izimayini, intuthuko, ukucekelwa phansi, ngisho nokuhweba okungekho emthethweni ngezinto zobuciko. Uma inhlabathi engaphezulu yesayithi yonakele, ulwazi lwayo lwesayensi lungalahleka unomphela. Ukulondolozwa kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni, abacwaningi, imiphakathi yendawo, kanye nomkhakha wezemfundo. Imizamo efana nokwabiwa kwezindawo, iminyuziyamu yezindawo, ukwesekwa komphakathi, kanye nokuvakasha kwezemfundo okunesibopho kungasiza ekugcineni inani lesayensi ngenkathi kukhiqizwa izinzuzo zomnotho ngaphandle kokulimaza ifa lamasiko.
I-Penutup
Izindawo zangaphambi komlando eziqhingini zase-Indonesia ziyifasitela lomlando omude wesintu kulesi siqhingi—kusukela ku-Homo erectus eSangiran naseTrinil, kuya kubuciko bemihume eMaros–Pangkep, kuya endabeni eyingqayizivele ye-Homo floresiensis eLiang Bua kanye nemikhondo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasolwandle esifundeni esisempumalanga. Ukuhlukahluka kwalezi zindawo kugcizelela ukuthi lesi siqhingi sase-Indonesia akuyona nje indawo yokuhlala, kodwa futhi yindawo yokusungula izinto ezintsha, ubuciko, izinkolelo, kanye nokulwa kwabantu nemvelo. Ngokulondoloza nokufunda izindawo zasendulo, asigcini nje ngokulondoloza okwedlule kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngobunikazi besizwe kanye nezimpande zamasiko.
Uma ungathanda, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe amagama ayi-1000 (okwamanje siseduze ne-1000), noma ngidale inguqulo enohlu oluphelele lwamasayithi ngesiqhingi ngasinye kanye nesifinyezo semiphumela eyinhloko.
