Isiko Lamatshe Lasendulo e-Indonesia
Igama elithi isiko lamatshe lasendulo livame ukubhekisela enkathini yePaleolithic, isigaba sokuqala emlandweni wesintu lapho amathuluzi ayisisekelo ayenziwa ngamatshe alula. E-Indonesia, iminonjana yesiko lamatshe lasendulo inikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile bokuthi abantu bokuqala babephila kanjani, bazivumelanisa kanjani nendawo abahlala kuyo, futhi bathuthukisa amasu okusinda esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokufika kwezolimo noma impucuko ebhaliwe. Ngokutholakala kwamathuluzi amatshe, izinsalela zezilwane, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zasendulo, abavubukuli bakha isithombe sempilo yasekuqaleni eziqhingini zase-Indonesia.
Incazelo kanye nezici eziyinhloko zesiko lamatshe amadala
I-Paleolithic isho "itshe elidala" (kusukela kwelesiGriki elithi palaios = elidala, lithos = itshe). Isici esiyinhloko salesi sikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amatshe enziwe kusetshenziswa amasu alula, njengokushaya ngesando (ukushefa) ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphetho ebukhali. Lawa mathuluzi ayengakalolwa kahle njengaseNkathini Yamatshe Entsha. Impilo yezenhlalo nezomnotho esekelwa yile nkathi yayisekelwe ekuqoqweni kokudla, okungukuthi ukuzingela izilwane nokuqoqa izitshalo zasendle.
Esimweni sase-Indonesia, isiko leNkathi Yamatshe Elidala lihlobene kakhulu nokuba khona kwabantu basendulo njenge-Homo erectus (isb., okutholakala eSangiran naseTrinil) kanye namaqembu abantu banamuhla bokuqala ababehlala emihumeni nasezindaweni zamadwala kamuva. Izindlela zokuphila zazivame ukuba ngabantu abazulazulayo noma abangazulazuli kangako, kuye ngokutholakala kwemithombo yamanzi, izilwane zasendle, kanye nokudla.
Isizinda Semvelo Sase-Indonesia Enkathini Yamatshe Yakudala
Ukuze uqonde isiko lamatshe lasendulo e-Indonesia, kubalulekile ukuhlola izimo zemvelo ngesikhathi se-Pleistocene (cishe amakhulu ezinkulungwane kuya emashumini ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule). Ngaleso sikhathi, amazinga olwandle ayephansi kunanamuhla, exhumanisa izwekazi lasentshonalanga ye-Southeast Asia nalokho manje okuyiSumatra, iJava, neKalimantan (iSunda Shelf). Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokufuduka kwezilwane nabantu besuka ezwenikazi lase-Asia beya ezweni manje elisentshonalanga ye-Indonesia.
Isimo sezulu sasePleistocene siphinde sashintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe, sithonywe imijikelezo yeqhwa kanye neyeqhwa. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangele izinguquko ezitshalweni nasekusabalaleni kwezilwane, okudinga abantu bokuqala ukuba bashintshe njalo amasu abo okusinda. Lokhu kubonakala ezinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi nezindawo zokuhlala ezitholwe abacwaningi.
Izinhlobo Zamathuluzi Amatshe Emasikweni Esikhathi Sasendulo Samatshe
Izinto ezitholakala kakhulu emasikweni amatshe asendulo amathuluzi amatshe angacwengekile. Ezinye izinhlobo zamathuluzi ezivame ukutholakala e-Indonesia zifaka:
1. Ithuluzi lokusika kanye nelokunquma
Lawa mathuluzi ngokuvamile enziwa ngamatshe omfula acwebezelwe ohlangothini olulodwa ukuze akhe unqenqema olubukhali. Kucatshangwa ukuthi asetshenziselwa ukusika, ukuhlukanisa, noma ukucubungula ukudla nezinto ezifana nokhuni noma amathambo.
2. Ama-flakes
Ama-flakes ayizingcezu zamatshe ezibangelwa ukunqunywa kwesisekelo setshe. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-flakes asetshenziswa ngqo ngenxa yemiphetho yawo ebukhali, noma ngezinye izikhathi akhiwa abe amathuluzi asebenzayo kakhulu.
3. Amathuluzi alula e-awl kanye ne-drill
Amanye ama-flakes noma amatshe abunjwe abe yizindawo ezibukhali kucatshangwa ukuthi ayesetshenziselwa ukuqopha, ukubhoboza imigodi, noma ukucubungula izikhumba nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
4. Amathuluzi enziwe ngethambo noma ngezimpondo (ezindaweni ezithile)
Nakuba itshe livamile, kunezinkomba zokusetshenziswa kwethambo njengethuluzi, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezincane zePaleolithic.
Wonke la mathuluzi abonisa ubuchwepheshe obusathembele ekhonweni lokusebenzisa amatshe endawo. Amatshe anjenge-andesite, i-chalcedony, noma i-chert akhethwa ngoba ayelula ukuwakha futhi ekwazi ukukhiqiza imiphetho ebukhali.
Izindawo Ezibalulekile Zesiko Lamatshe Akudala e-Indonesia
I-Indonesia inezindawo eziningi ezibalulekile ezivame ukuba yizindawo eziyinhloko ezifundweni ze-Paleolithic.
1. I-Sangiran kanye neBengawan Solo Valley (Java)
Isifunda saseSangiran (eCentral Java) kanye nezindawo eziningana ezigudle uMfula iBengawan Solo zaziwa ngokuthola kwazo izinsalela zabantu basendulo kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zamatshe. ISangiran yaveza izinto eziningi ezitholwe yiHomo erectus kanye namathuluzi amatshe alula. Esifundeni saseBengawan Solo, okuhlanganisa nendawo yaseTrinil (eMpumalanga Java), ubufakazi bokuphila kwabantu basendulo buye batholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nemifula kanye nezindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula ezicebile ngemithombo yamanzi nezilwane.
2. Isiko lePacitan nePacitan (East Java)
Igama elithi Pacitan livame ukuhlotshaniswa nokutholakala kwamathuluzi amatshe ohlobo lokusika/lokunquma. Igama elithi "Isiko LasePacitan" lisetshenziswe ezincwadini zemivubukulo ukuchaza amathuluzi amatshe, avame ukuba makhulu futhi angacwengekile. Nakuba amagama kanye nokuhlukaniswa kuqhubeka nokuhlungwa ngocwaningo olusha, iPacitan isalokhu iyisibonelo esibalulekile sokusatshalaliswa kwamathuluzi amatshe asendulo eJava.
3. I-Ngandong nezindawo ezizungezile
I-Ngandong (ezungeze uMfula iBengawan Solo) yaziwa nangokuthola kwayo izinsalela zabantu namathuluzi amatshe. Izinto ezitholakale kule ndawo zisiza abacwaningi ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwabantu bokuqala kanye nezigaba zokuthuthukiswa okungenzeka kwesiko leNkathi Yamatshe Elidala kusukela esikhathini sakamuva.
4. Izindawo Zokutholakala Kwemihume Namadwala Ezifundeni Ezihlukahlukene
Kwezinye izindawo eziningana zase-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi lezo ezicebile ngezindawo zase-karst, kuye kwatholakala izindlu zemihume eziqukethe izinto ezenziwe ngamatshe, izinsalela zokudla, ngisho nobufakazi bemisebenzi yabantu. Nakuba ezinye izindawo zemihume zisukela kakhulu eMesolithic (Middle Stone Age), ezinye ziqukethe nezingxenye ezindala ezinikeza izinkomba zokuguquka kusuka ezindleleni zokuphila zePaleolithic.
Indlela Yokuphila: Ukuzingela, Ukuqoqa, Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Abantu beNkathi Yamatshe Yakudala babephila njengabazingeli nabaqoqi. Imithombo yabo yokudla eyinhloko yayihlanganisa inyama yezilwane, izinhlanzi nezilwane zasemanzini ahlanzekile ezitholakala emifuleni, kanye nezitshalo zasendle ezifana nezilimo eziyizigaxa nezithelo zonyaka. Cishe babehlala ngamaqembu amancane, beguquguquka ngokwanele ukuhamba ngokweminyakazo yezilwane kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo yokudla.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuzingela ngesikhathi seNkathi Yamatshe Yakudala babungeyona into eyinkimbinkimbi njengasezinkathini zakamuva. Kodwa-ke, amathuluzi amatshe abukhali ayesebenza kahle kakhulu ekusikeni inyama, ekukhumbeni izilwane, noma ekucubunguleni amathambo. Impilo ezungeze imifula namachibi yanikeza izinzuzo zamanzi, izinto zamatshe zamathuluzi, kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esasisekela izilwane eziningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokufunda indawo ezungezile—isibonelo, ukwazi izinkathi zonyaka, imizila yezilwane, noma indawo yezitshalo zasendle—kwakuyindlela ebalulekile yolwazi lwamasiko. Isiko labonakala hhayi nje kuphela emathuluzini, kodwa nasezindleleni amaqembu abantu bokuqala ayehlela ngazo ukuhamba, abelana ngokudla, futhi agcina ukuphepha.
Incazelo Yesiko Lamatshe Elidala Emlandweni Wase-Indonesia
Isiko lamatshe lasendulo lase-Indonesia libalulekile okungenani ngezindlela ezintathu. Okokuqala, linikeza ubufakazi bokuthi iziqhingi zase-Indonesia bezilokhu zihlalwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukutholakala kwabantu basendulo eJava, isibonelo, kwenza i-Indonesia ibe ngesinye sezifunda ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni zokutadisha ukuvela komuntu.
Okwesibili, isiko lamatshe lasendulo sabonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Phakathi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinguquko zendawo, kanye nokuguquguquka kwezilwane, abantu basendulo bakwazi ukusinda besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obulula kodwa obuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umongo wesiko usekhonweni lomuntu lokuthuthukisa amasu okuphila, hhayi nje ubuciko bamathuluzi.
Okwesithathu, izifundo ze-Paleolithic zisiza ukuqonda izimpande ezinde zentuthuko yomphakathi wase-Indonesia. Nakuba isiko le-Old Stone Age lihluke kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla, labeka izisekelo: indlela yokusebenzisa imvelo, ukwakha amaqembu omphakathi, nokudala amathuluzi njengezandiso zesandla somuntu.
I-Penutup
Isiko lamatshe lasendulo lase-Indonesia limelela isahluko sokuqala ohambweni olude lwesintu eziqhingini. Ngamathuluzi amatshe alula nezindawo zasendulo ezifana neSangiran, Trinil, Pacitan, kanye nendawo yaseBengawan Solo, singabona imikhondo yokuphila kwabantu abalwela ukusinda phakathi kwendawo eshintsha njalo. Lesi siko asiyona nje iqoqo lamatshe aqoshiwe ngokungahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho sibonakalisa ubuhlakani obuguquguqukayo babantu basendulo: ukuqonda indawo yabo, ukucubungula izinsiza, kanye nokusungula izindlela zokuphila ezihlangene. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo—ngokusebenzisa isayensi yemivubukulo, isayensi yezwe, kanye nesayensi ye-paleoanthropology—luzothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngemvelaphi kanye nokuguquguquka kokuphila kwabantu bokuqala e-Indonesia.
