Isiko Lamatshe Amasha e-Indonesia
Isikhathi se-Neolithic e-Indonesia sibhekisela esigabeni esibalulekile emlandweni wangaphambi komlando esaziwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic Age. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, abantu babhekana noshintsho olukhulu endleleni yabo yokuphila: kusukela ekuthembeleni emvelweni (ukuzingela nokuqoqa) kuya endleleni yokuphila ezinzile ehilela ukulima nokufuya. Lezi zinguquko azizange zilinganiselwe emathuluzini asetshenziswayo, kodwa futhi zathinta indlela abantu abakha ngayo izindawo zokuhlala, umsebenzi ohleliwe, amasiko, ngisho nokudala izinhlelo zokukholelwa. Ngaphakathi kweziqhingi zase-Indonesia, isiko le-Neolithic alizange livele ngokufanayo, kodwa lathuthuka ngenqubo ende ethonywe ukufuduka kwabantu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nemvelo yendawo.
Incazelo kanye nezici zesiko le-Batu Muda
Igama elithi "itshe elincane" libhekisela kubuchwepheshe bamathuluzi etshe obucwengekile futhi obuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhathi zangaphambilini (iPaleolithic neMesolithic). Amathuluzi etshe phakathi nalesi sikhathi ayevame ukulolwa abe sendaweni ebushelelezi, ebukhali, futhi elinganayo. Izici eziyinhloko zesiko lamaNeolithic e-Indonesia zifaka phakathi izinto eziningana ezibalulekile: ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi etshe abukhali, ukuvela kwezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane, impilo ezinzile, ukwakheka kwemizi noma izindawo zokuhlala, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha zobumba, kanye nokuvela kwamasiko amakhulu njengengxenye yesistimu yokukholelwa.
Ukushintsha kusuka ekuzulazuleni kuya ekuphileni okuzinzile kwabeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Njengoba abantu beqala ukukhiqiza ukudla kwabo ngezolimo, kwavela isidingo sokugcina izitshalo, ukuhlela ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, nokunakekela izindawo zabo ezilinyiwe. Lokhu kwabenza bakhe amakhaya ahlala njalo, basungula amadivayisi okugcina izinto ezifana nobumba, futhi bathuthukise imithetho yomphakathi ebophayo.
Isizinda Sokungena Kwesiko LaseNeolithic e-Indonesia
Izazi eziningi zixhumanisa ukusabalala kwesiko lamaNeolithic e-Indonesia nokufuduka kwezikhulumi zase-Austronesian ezivela e-Asia naseTaiwan, okwenzeka ngamagagasi amaningana. Baletha amakhono ezolimo, ubuchwepheshe bezikebhe, kanye nesiko lokwenza amathuluzi amatshe acijile. Kusukela enyakatho, ukusabalala kwaqhubekela phambili ePhilippines kwaya eziqhingini zase-Indonesia, kwabe sekusabalala eziqhingini ezahlukene njengeKalimantan, iSulawesi, iJava, iNusa Tenggara, iMaluku, ngisho nePapua.
Iziqhingi zase-Indonesia zinezinselele kanye namathuba: isiqhingi ngasinye sinendawo ehlukile. Kwezinye izindawo, ezolimo zachuma ngenxa yenhlabathi evundile kanye nemithombo yamanzi eminingi; kwezinye, abantu baqhubeka nokuhlanganisa ukulima nokuzingela, ukudoba, noma ukuqoqa imikhiqizo yamahlathi. Ngakho-ke, isiko lamatshe ase-Indonesia asemasha aliyona imodeli eyodwa, kodwa liyiqoqo lamasiko axhumene.
Amathuluzi Amatshe Ayizimpawu Eziyinhloko
Esinye sezibonakaliso ezisobala kakhulu zeNkathi Yamatshe Entsha amathuluzi amatshe acwebezelisiwe. E-Indonesia, izinhlobo ezimbili zamathuluzi ezivame ukukhulunywa ngazo yizimbazo eziyisikwele kanye nezimbazo ezi-oval.
1. Izimbazo zesikwele zivame ukutholakala entshonalanga ye-Indonesia, njengeSumatra, iJava, iBali, kanye nezingxenye zeKalimantan. Lezi zimbazo zinesigaba esiyisikwele noma esinomugqa oqondile. Zifeza izinjongo ezahlukahlukene: ukugawula imithi, ukucubungula izinkuni, ukwakha izindlu, kanye nemisebenzi yezolimo.
2. Izimbazo ezisaqanda zitholakala kakhulu esifundeni esisempumalanga, ikakhulukazi eMaluku, ePapua, nasezingxenyeni zaseSulawesi. Ingxenye yazo evundlile noma eyisiyingi. Lezi zimbazo zazisetshenziselwa nomsebenzi onzima njengokusebenza ngokhuni kanye nokuhlanzwa komhlaba.
Lo mehluko ekusabalaleni uvame ukuhunyushwa njengezinkomba zemizila yokufuduka kanye nokwehluka kwamasiko. Ngaphandle kwezimbazo, amanye amathuluzi amatshe afana nezinsika, imimese yamatshe, amatshe okugaya, namathuluzi e-flake nawo ayatholakala, asasetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezithile. Ukuba khona kwamatshe okugaya, isibonelo, kubonisa ukucutshungulwa kokudla okufana nokusanhlamvu noma izilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezolimo Nokuphila Kokuhlala Phansi
Ngesikhathi seNkathi Yamatshe Entsha, ezolimo zaba umsebenzi obalulekile. Abantu baqala ukulima irayisi, i-millet, izilimo eziyizigaxa, nezinye izitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima ngemfuyo nakho kwathuthuka, nakuba kwakungavamile ngaso sonke isikhathi kuzo zonke izifunda. Ukulima kwenza abantu bangasathembeli ngokuphelele ekuzingeleni noma ezinsizeni zonyaka. Babengakhiqiza ukudla okuningi, okwenza kube lula ukukhula kwabantu kanye nokukhula kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Impilo ezinzile yaba nomthelela omkhulu. Izindawo zokuhlala zaqala ukwakha: indawo yasekhaya, izindawo zokugcina izinto, izindawo zokupheka, kanye namasimu. Emiphakathini ezinzile, ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kwaba okuhlukile kakhulu—eminye yayigxile ekuhlanzeni umhlaba, ekutshaleni izitshalo, ekucubunguleni ukudla, ekwenzeni amathuluzi, noma ekugcineni ukuphepha. Kancane kancane, imisebenzi yezomnotho efana nokushintshana phakathi kwamaqembu yayingavela, ikakhulukazi uma isifunda esisodwa sinezinsiza ezinye ezazingenazo.
Amakhono Obumba Nokukhiqiza
Ukuvela kwezitsha zobumba kuyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Izitsha zobumba zasiza abantu ukugcina ukudla, ukupheka, ukuthwala amanzi, nokugcina imbewu. Ukwenza izitsha zobumba kubonisa namakhono akhethekile: ukukhetha ubumba, ukubumba, ukomisa, kanye namasu okudubula. Kwezinye izimo, izitsha zobumba zihlotshiswe ngemigqa elula, ingcindezi, noma imidwebo yejometri ekhombisa ukuthandwa kweqembu kanye nobunikazi bamasiko.
Ubumba alusebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa lungaba usizo nasemikhosini. Okutholakele okuningana kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubumba lwalusetshenziswa njengezinto zokungcwaba noma imishini yemikhosi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umphakathi we-Neolithic waqala ukuqaphela izimpawu ezicebile empilweni yansuku zonke.
Amasiko AseMegalithic Nezinhlelo Zokukholwa
Nakuba amasiko e-megalithic ayevame ukukhula aqine ezikhathini zakamuva, izimpande zokukhulekela okhokho zaqala ukuvela eNkathini Yamatshe Entsha. I-Megalithic isho "itshe elikhulu," okubhekisela ezakhiweni noma ezikhumbuzweni ezenziwe ngamatshe amakhulu ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkolelo zenkolo. Ezifundeni eziningana zase-Indonesia, kwatholakala izakhiwo ze-megalithic ezifana nama-menhir (izinsika zamatshe), ama-dolmens (amatafula amatshe), ama-sarcophagi (amabhokisi amatshe), amathuna amatshe, nama-altare akhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile.
Amasiko e-Megalithic abonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yayinemibono yokuphila ngemva kokufa, inhlonipho okhokho, kanye nokuba khona kwabantu ababalulekile emphakathini. Ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe kwakudinga umsebenzi wokubambisana, okubonisa izinga elithuthukile lokuhleleka komphakathi. Lezi zinkolelo zazivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemvelo: izintaba, amadwala, amahlathi, kanye nemithombo yamanzi kwakuvame ukubhekwa njengokunamandla akhethekile.
Ukusabalalisa kanye Nezindawo Ezibalulekile
Ukusatshalaliswa kwesiko lamaNeolithic e-Indonesia kungabonakala ekutholakaleni kwamathuluzi amatshe kanye nezinsalela zezindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni ezahlukene. Izimbazo zesikwele zivame ukutholakala eziqhingini zaseJava naseSumatra, kuyilapho izimbazo ezinde zivamile ePapua naseMaluku. Ezindaweni eziningana, ubufakazi bendawo yokuhlala butholakale nangendlela yokulahla imfucuza yasekhishini (kjokkenmoddinger) noma izindlu zasemihumeni, yize la magama evame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zangaphambilini. Ngesikhathi seNeolithic, izindlu ezivulekile eduze kwemifula kanye nomhlaba ovundile zaba yinto evamile.
ENusa Tenggara naseSulawesi, izici zesiko lamatshe amancane ziyahlangana namasiko endawo kanye nezindawo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, ePapua, ukusetshenziswa kwezimbazo ezimise okweqanda kwaqhubeka isikhathi eside, kanti kweminye imiphakathi, isiko lokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amatshe laqhubeka kwaze kwaba sezikhathini zamuva nje, ngenxa yezimo zendawo kanye nokuxhumana okulinganiselwe ngaphandle.
Umthelela Wesiko LaseBatu Muda Emlandweni Wase-Indonesia
Isiko lamaNeolithic labeka isisekelo sentuthuko eyalandela yomphakathi wase-Indonesia. Lokhu kwaveza izindlela zokuphila ezizinzile, izinhlelo zezolimo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza (njengobumba), kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezihlelekile kakhulu. Amandla okuphatha imvelo nokukhiqiza insalela aqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwabantu futhi andise amathuba okuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu. Lezi zinguquko ekugcineni zavula indlela yeNkathi Yensimbi kanye nokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kobuholi bendawo kanye namasiko emikhosi abanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko leNkathi Yamatshe nalo ladlala indima ekwakheni ubunikazi bamasiko obuhlukahlukene. I-Indonesia ayizange ikhule kusukela esikhungweni esisodwa sempucuko, kodwa kunalokho yavela emiphakathini eminingi eyayichuma eziqhingini ezahlukene. Izimpawu zalokhu zisabonakala ekusatshalalisweni kwamathuluzi amatshe, amasiko ezolimo, amaphethini okuhlala, kanye nefa lamasiko amakhulu, elihlala ngezindlela ezahlukene kuze kube namuhla.
I-Penutup
Isikhathi se-Neolithic e-Indonesia simelela isikhathi sokuguquka okukhulu ngaphambi komlando, siphawula intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ushintsho lwezomnotho, kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalo. Kusukela kumathuluzi amatshe acijile kuya kobumba, kusukela endleleni yokuphila yokuzulazula kuya emikhubeni yokuhlala kanye neyokulima, abantu beziqhingi zase-Indonesia bangena esigabeni esisha ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko. Iziqhingi eziyingqayizivele zase-Indonesia zenze ukuba intuthuko yesikhathi se-Neolithic ihluke kakhulu, ishiya ifa elibalulekile elasebenza njengesisekelo somlando olandelayo wesizwe.
