Ukuphila Komuntu Esikhathini Sasendulo
I-Paleolithic, noma i-Old Stone Age, ingenye yezikhathi ezinde kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Lesi sikhathi sahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu bazi ukubhala, ezolimo, noma ukusebenza ngensimbi. I-Paleolithic yanikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwempucuko, njengoba kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho abantu baqala khona ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphila eziyisisekelo: ukuzingela, ukuqoqa, ukuhlala ngamaqembu, nokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esinzima. Ukuze siqonde impilo yabantu phakathi nalesi sikhathi, sidinga ukuhlola izici zemvelo, izindlela zokuphila, amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe, kanye nezinhlobo zomphakathi nezamasiko ezathuthuka.
Incazelo kanye nesikhathi se-Paleolithic
Ngokuvamile, i-Paleolithic ibhekisela esikhathini lapho abantu babesebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe alula enziwe ngokubhoboza noma ngokuklebhula. Ezinsukwini zakudala, i-Paleolithic ivame ukubekwa njengesigaba sokuqala seNkathi Yamatshe, ngaphambi kweMesolithic neNeolithic. Lesi sikhathi sathatha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,6 edlule kuya eminyakeni engaba ngu-10.000 edlule, yize isikhathi esiqondile singahluka kuye ngesifunda kanye nokutholwa kwezinto zakudala.
I-Paleolithic ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: I-Paleolithic Yasekuqaleni, Ephakathi, kanye Neyasekupheleni. Lesi sigaba sisiza abacwaningi ukulandelela izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, izinhlobo zabantu zakuqala, kanye nentuthuko kancane kancane yezindlela zokuphila.
Izinselele zemvelo kanye nemvelo
Abantu be-Paleolithic babephila ezimweni zemvelo ezihluke kakhulu kunezanamuhla. Isimo sezulu soMhlaba sashintsha kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nezikhathi zeqhwa (izikhathi zeqhwa), lapho amazinga okushisa ehla kakhulu futhi iqhwa limboza izindawo ezinkulu. Lezi zinguquko zesimo sezulu zathinta ukusatshalaliswa kwezilwane zasendle, izinhlobo zezitshalo, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezihlalwa kuzo.
Ngenxa yokuthi babethembele kakhulu emvelweni, abantu basePaleolithic kwakufanele babe nomuzwa wokubona izinkathi zonyaka, ukufuduka kwezilwane, kanye nemithombo yamanzi. Babehlala behamba, befuna izindawo eziphephile nezicebile ngokudla. Ukusinda kwakuxhomeke kakhulu ekhonweni lokufunda izimpawu zemvelo, ukusebenza ndawonye ngamaqembu, nokusebenzisa izinsiza ezibazungezile.
Indlela yokuphila: ukuzingela nokuqoqa
Isici esiyinhloko sabantu basePaleolithic kwakuwukuphila ngendlela yokuzulazula, besuka kwenye indawo baye kwenye. Babengajwayelene nezolimo kanye nokufuya izilwane, ngakho bathola ukudla ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuzingela izilwane kanye nokuqoqa izitshalo zasendle.
Ukuzingelwa kwezilwane kwakuhlanganisa izinyamazane, izinyathi zasendle, izingulube zasendle, ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu, kuye ngesifunda. Ukudla kwakuhlanganisa izithelo, izilimo eziyizigaxa, amantongomane, amaqabunga, ngisho noju. Ukudla kwabantu be-Paleolithic kwakuthonywe kakhulu ukutholakala kwezinsiza zendawo.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukudla akutholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuhambahamba kuba isu elibalulekile. Ngokuvamile bahlala okwesikhashana emihumeni, emifantwini yamadwala, noma ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezindawo zemvelo zokukhosela. Uma imithombo yokudla incipha, iqembu lizothuthela kwenye indawo.
Uzohlala kuphi nokuthi ungasinda kanjani
Izindlu zabantu basePaleolithic zazingezona ezihlala njalo. Kwezinye izindawo, imihume yayifanelekile ngoba yayivikela emvuleni, emoyeni nasezilwaneni zasendle. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amaqembu ayehlala emihumeni; amaningi ayesebenzisa nezindawo zokukhosela ezilula ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwane, amagatsha namaqabunga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivulekile.
Ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhosela, ikhono lokubasa umlilo lalingenye yezinto ezifezwe kakhulu esikhathini samaPaleolithic. Umlilo wasiza abantu ukuba bafudumale imizimba yabo, bapheke ukudla kalula, baxoshe izilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi banikeze ukukhanya ebusuku. Ukwazi umlilo kwasiza abantu ukuba basinde ezindaweni ezibandayo njengoba isimo sezulu sasiba sibi kakhulu.
Izingubo cishe zazenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwane ezazizingelwa. Nakuba zazilula, izingubo zazibalulekile ekuvikeleni umzimba esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu nasekulimaleni ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
Amathuluzi amatshe kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe
Ubuchwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi babulula, kodwa bubalulekile ekusindeni. Amathuluzi amatshe e-Paleolithic ayenziwa ngamatshe aqinile njenge-flint, i-obsidian, noma afana nawo, amatshe aqhekeka kalula. Afika ngezindlela ezahlukene, kusukela ezimbazweni zesandla namathuluzi e-flake kuya emimeseni yamatshe ngisho nangezando.
Izembe lesandla lingenye yamathuluzi ajwayelekile kakhulu, asetshenziselwa ukusika inyama, ukuhlikihla izilwane, noma ukuqhekeza amathambo ukuze kukhishwe umongo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amathuluzi aba bukhali futhi akhethekile kakhulu. Ezikhathini Zasendulo Nezasendulo, abantu baqala ukwenza izinhloko zemikhonto, amathuluzi amathambo, nezinaliti ezilula, okubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nezidingo.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nayo ibonisa ukwanda kwamakhono okuqonda abantu. Ukwenza amathuluzi kudinga ukuhlela, amakhono ezandla, kanye nolwazi lwezinto zokwakha.
Impilo yomphakathi: ukubambisana kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwezindima
Abantu be-Paleolithic babehlala emaqenjini amancane, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa imindeni eminingana. Ukuphila kweqembu kwakunezinzuzo eziningi: ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu okuphumelelayo, ukuvikeleka okukhulu ezitheni, kanye nokunakekelwa okukhulu kwamalungu eqembu agulayo noma abuthakathaka.
Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwezindima, yize kungenakuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zesimanje. Ngokuvamile, amanye amalungu ayezingela, kanti amanye ayeqoqa futhi enakekela izingane. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezindima kungahluka phakathi kwamaqembu nezifunda.
Ukuxhumana nolimi nakho kucatshangwa ukuthi kuthuthuke phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Nakuba kungakabi sesimweni solimi lwesimanje, amakhono okuxhumana ayebalulekile ekubambisaneni ngenkathi kuzingela, kwabelana ngolwazi, kanye nokwakha izibopho zomphakathi.
Isiko nezinkolelo zakuqala
Naphezu kwendlela yabo yokuphila elula, abantu basePaleolithic benza okungaphezu nje kokusinda. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa intuthuko yamasiko kanye nezimpawu. KuPaleolithic Yasekupheleni, kwatholakala imidwebo yemihume ebonisa izilwane ezizingelwayo, amaphethini athile, kanye nezimpawu okucatshangwa ukuthi zinokubaluleka okungokwesiko noma okungokomoya. Le midwebo itholakale ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, okubonisa ukuthi abantu baqala ukuveza imibono yabo kanye nomcabango wabo.
Ngaphezu kobuciko, imikhuba yokungcwaba nayo itholakale ezindaweni eziningana zasendulo. Ukungcwaba kubonisa ukuthi abantu babenomqondo wokufa, inhlonipho ngamalungu eqembu, kanye nezinkolelo mhlawumbe mayelana nokuphila ngemva kokufa. Kwezinye izinto ezitholakele, izidumbu zazingcwatshwa nezinto ezithile, okuphakamisa amasiko.
Abantu be-Paleolithic esifundeni sase-Indonesia
E-Indonesia, iminonjana ye-Paleolithic ingatholakala ngokutholakala kwezinsalela zabantu basendulo namathuluzi amatshe. Ezinye izinhlobo zabantu basendulo ezaziwayo zifaka phakathi i-Homo erectus, eyayitholakala ngobuningi eSangiran naseTrinil (eJava). Amathuluzi amatshe e-Paleolithic nawo atholakale ezindaweni ezahlukene, njengePacitan, eyaziwa ngesiko layo le-chopper kanye ne-flake.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi izimpilo zabo azizange zihluke kakhulu endleleni ejwayelekile yamaPaleolithic: ukuzingela, ukuqoqa, ukuhlala ngokuzulazula, kanye nokuxhaphaza indawo ezungezile yemvelo yemifula noma izigodi ezicebile ngezinsizakusebenza.
I-Penutup
Ukuphila kwabantu ngesikhathi sePaleolithic kuyindaba ende yokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuqina. Ngamathuluzi amatshe alula, abantu bakwazi ukusinda ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, kanye nemithombo yokudla elinganiselwe. Baphila impilo yokuzulazula, bethembele ekuzingeleni nasekuqoqeni, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana komphakathi okwaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu.
Ngaphezu nje kwesikhathi "sakudala", iPaleolithic yayiyisikhathi esibalulekile lapho abantu bafunda khona ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuba yingcweti ekulweni, ukuxhumana, nokuqala ukuziveza ngokwamasiko. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi uhambo olude oluya empucukweni yanamuhla lwaqala—kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile, ngezinyathelo ezincane ezanquma ikusasa lesintu.
