Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando empilweni yomuntu
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando bungenye yezindlela zokuqala zokuthi abantu babeqonda kanjani umhlaba, bakhe ubudlelwano bomphakathi, futhi baveze okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwangaphakathi. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu basungule ukubhala, ubuciko babukhona "njengolimi" oluhlanganisa ulwazi, izinkolelo, kanye nobunikazi beqembu. Ngemidwebo yemihume, ukubazwa ngamatshe noma amathambo, izithombe ezincane, ngisho namaphethini kumathuluzi ansuku zonke, singabona ukuthi abantu basendulo babengagcini nje ngokusinda kodwa futhi babefuna incazelo. Ubuciko baba yingxenye yokuphila: busetshenziselwa ukuxhumana, ukumaka indawo, ukufundisa isizukulwane esisha, futhi cishe ngisho nangezinjongo zemikhosi nezingokomoya.
Kusho ukuthini ubuciko basendulo?
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando bubhekisela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuciko obubonakalayo obudalwe ngaphambi kokusungulwa kokubhala. Ezifundweni zomlando zemivubukulo nezobuciko, leli gama livame ukubhekisela emisebenzini evela ezikhathini zePaleolithic (Isikhathi Samatshe Esidala), iMesolithic, iNeolithic, kanye nezikhathi zokuqala zensimbi ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lezi zinhlobo ziyahlukahluka: imidwebo yemihume nezithombe zezandla, izithombe eziqoshiwe zezilwane, abantu, izimpawu, imihlobiso yejiyometri, ngisho nezikhumbuzo zamatshe ezifana nama-menhir nama-dolmens. Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando abunakuqondwa nje ngokuthi "ukuhlobisa," njengoba imisebenzi eminingi itholakala ezimweni ezibonisa imisebenzi yomphakathi neyenkolo.
Iphuzu elilodwa elibalulekile: ubuciko basendulo babungekho ngokwehlukana nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Bavela kanye nokuzingela, ukuqoqa, kanye nokufuduka, kwabe sekukhula njengoba abantu beqala ukuhlala nokuthuthukisa ezolimo. Lezi zinguquko endleleni yokuphila nazo zashintsha izingqikithi, amasu, kanye nezinjongo zobuciko.
Izinhlobo zobuciko zasendulo ezivelele
1. Imidwebo yemihume kanye nezithombe zesandla
Imidwebo yemihume iyindlela eyaziwayo kakhulu yobuciko basendulo. Eminingi itholakale eYurophu (isibonelo, eLascaux eFrance nase-Altamira eSpain), kodwa i-Asia ne-Indonesia nazo zinefa elicebile. Emihumeni, abantu basendulo babebonisa izilwane zasendle, izigcawu zokuzingela, izimpawu, kanye nemidwebo yezandla eyenziwe ngokubeka izintende zezandla zabo odongeni bese befafaza umbala nxazonke zazo. Imidwebo yezandla yayivame ukuhunyushwa njengophawu lokuba khona: "Ngangilapha," noma njengophawu lobunikazi beqembu.
Indlela yabo yobuchwepheshe yabonisa ubuhlakani: imibala evela ku-ocher (umhlaba obomvu), amalahle, noma amaminerali athile yayixutshwa namafutha ezilwane noma olunye uketshezi ukuze inamathele. Basebenzisa futhi imidwebo yemvelo yetshe ukuze banike umzimba wesilwane ukubukeka okunezinhlangothi ezintathu, njengokungathi isithombe siyaphila.
2. Ubuciko obuphathekayo obungokomfanekiso
Ngaphezu kwezindonga zomhume, abantu basendulo bakha nemisebenzi yobuciko emincane, ephathekayo, njengezithombe ezincane ezenziwe ngamatshe, amathambo, noma izinyo lendlovu, kanye nokuqoshwa kwamathuluzi. Isibonelo esisodwa esidumile yisithombe "seVenus" esivela ePaleolithic Europe, isithombe esincane esigcizelela izingxenye ezithile zomzimba futhi esivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezimpawu zokuzala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impikiswano yesayensi ikuphi, izithombe ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu base benemibono engaqondakali ngomzimba, impilo, futhi mhlawumbe nethemba lokuzala.
3. Imihlobiso emathuluzini nasezintweni zansuku zonke
Amathuluzi amaningi amatshe, amathambo, kanye nobumba ahlotshiswe ngemigqa, amachashazi, noma imidwebo ephindaphindayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaphishekelanga nje kuphela umsebenzi kodwa futhi nobuhle kanye nobunikazi. Amaphethini okuhlobisa angasebenza njengophawu lweqembu, uhlobo "lwesitayela" oluhlukanisa umphakathi owodwa komunye. Njengoba abantu beqala ukulima nokuhlala phansi ngesikhathi seNeolithic, ubuciko bobumba bathuthuka ngokushesha, futhi ukuhlobisa kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
4. Ubuciko beMegalithic
Ezindaweni ezahlukene, abantu bakhe izakhiwo noma izikhumbuzo ngamatshe amakhulu: ama-menhir (amatshe ami), ama-dolmens (amatafula amatshe), amatshe aqoshiwe, ngisho nezakhiwo zamatshe eziyindilinga. Izakhiwo ze-megalithic zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinkolelo zokhokho, ukungcwatshwa, noma izindawo ezingcwele zokumaka. Ukwakhiwa kwe-megalith kudinga ukubambisana kwabantu abaningi, okubonisa ukuhleleka komphakathi kanye nobuholi emphakathini.
Umsebenzi wobuciko basendulo empilweni yomuntu
1. Imidiya yokuxhumana ngaphambi kokubhala
Ngaphandle kokubhala, izimpawu ezibonakalayo zaba yindlela ebalulekile yokudlulisa ulwazi. Imidwebo yezilwane, imizila, noma izimpawu ezithile zingasebenza "njengamarekhodi" ezinhlobo zezilwane, izinkathi zonyaka, noma izindawo ezibalulekile. Nakuba singeke siqiniseke njalo ngencazelo yazo, kusobala ukuthi lezi zimpawu kwakungezona nje izikripthi ezingahleliwe. Ubuciko baba ithuluzi lokuxhumana phakathi kwezizukulwane lapho ulwazi ludinga ukudluliselwa.
2. Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa
Izazi zemivubukulo eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi imidwebo yokuzingela ingase ihlobane nokufunda: indlela yokubona izilwane, ukuqonda ukunyakaza kwazo, nokuthuthukisa amasu okuzingela. Ubuciko busiza abantu ukuba benze izinto zibe lula ngamaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi abe yizinhlobo ezingafundwa. Izingane nentsha bangafunda ngezindaba, imiboniso, kanye nezithombe ezindaweni ezithile ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile.
3. Amasiko, ingokomoya, kanye nobudlelwano nemvelo
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nemikhuba. Imidwebo yezilwane ingase ingagcini nje ngokubonisa inyamazane, kodwa futhi isebenze njengendlela yokuhlonipha noma ukuzama "ukubiza" inhlanhla. Emasikweni amaningi endabuko, izithombe nezimpawu kukholakala ukuthi zinamandla okuvikela, okuphulukisa, noma angokomoya. Indawo yeminye imidwebo yemihume ngaphakathi ezindaweni ezimnyama nezinzima ukufinyelela kuzo, iqinisa amathuba okwenziwa kwemisebenzi yesiko noma imikhosi ekhethekile.
4. Ubunikazi beqembu kanye nobumbano lomphakathi
Ubuciko busebenza njengophawu lobunikazi. Izimpawu ezithile zingabonisa ukuthi “singobani” nokuthi “sivelaphi.” Inqubo yokwenza ubuciko—ukuqoqa izinto, ukulungiselela imibala, ukusebenza ndawonye endaweni ethile—yakha umuzwa womphakathi. Uma umphakathi omkhulu usebenza ukwakha i-megalith, isibonelo, ubuciko busebenza njengomsebenzi ohlangene oqinisa izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezinkolelo ezihlanganyelwe.
5. Ukuvezwa kwemizwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu
Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yayo engokoqobo neyesiko, ubuciko basendulo cishe babusebenza njengendlela yemizwa: ukwesaba izilwane ezinkulu, ukwesaba, ithemba, usizi, noma ukuziqhenya. Lapho abantu bedweba, empeleni "babecubungula okuhlangenwe nakho" babe yizinhlobo ezazingabonakala futhi zikhunjulwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izidingo zobuhle kanye nesidingo sencazelo bezikhona kusukela ekuqaleni komlando wesintu.
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando eziqhingini: imikhondo ebalulekile
I-Indonesia inefa elimangalisayo lobuciko basendulo, ikakhulukazi emidwebweni yemihume etholakala ezindaweni ezifana neSulawesi, iKalimantan, iPapua, neNusa Tenggara. Imidwebo yezandla nezithombe zezilwane zivame ukutholakala, okubonisa ukuthi la masiko ayenamandla naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukuba khona kobuciko basendulo kulesi siqhingi kubalulekile ngoba kusisiza sibone ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu buchuma ezindaweni eziningi zempucuko, hhayi eYurophu kuphela. Ubuciko basendulo base-Indonesia buqinisa nokuqonda ukuthi lesi siqhingi besilokhu siyindawo yokuhlangana yabantu, imvelo, kanye namasiko.
Kungani ubuciko basendulo busabalulekile?
Ukufunda ubuciko basendulo akukhona nje ukubheka esikhathini esidlule, kodwa futhi nokuqonda izimpande zesintu. Kule misebenzi, sifunda ukuthi abantu bebelokhu benamakhono okubonisa: ukucabanga, ukwenza kube lula iqiniso, nokulinika incazelo. Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando busifundisa nokuthi isiko liyingxenye ebalulekile yokusinda. Abantu basinda hhayi ngamathuluzi namasu kuphela, kodwa futhi nangezindaba, izimpawu, nezinkolelo ezakha ithemba.
Enkathini yanamuhla, ubuciko buvame ukubhekwa njengento ehlukile ezidingweni eziyisisekelo. Kodwa ubuciko basendulo bubonisa okuhlukile: ubuciko buyingxenye yendlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nokungaqiniseki, balondoloze inkumbulo ehlangene, futhi bakhe ubuwena. Busebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo neziphathekayo, phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kanye nemibuzo emikhulu yokuphila.
I-Penutup
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando empilweni yomuntu buwubufakazi bokuthi ubuciko kanye nokufuna incazelo kuye kwahambisana nesintu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Imidwebo yemihume, izithombe ezincane, imihlobiso yamathuluzi, kanye nezikhumbuzo zamatshe akuzona nje izinsalela zemivubukulo, kodwa futhi kuyizibonakaliso zendlela abantu ababheka ngayo imvelo, bakha imiphakathi, futhi basondela ngayo ezintweni ezibhekwa njengezingcwele. Ngokuzifunda, asigcini nje ngokufunda ngomlando wobuciko kodwa futhi nangathi njengabantu abacabangayo, abazizwayo, futhi abalwela njalo ukunikeza umhlaba incazelo.
