Isiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo Emiphakathini Yangaphambi Komlando
Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo liyindalo yabantu ngendlela yezinto, ezisetshenziselwa ukufeza izidingo zokuphila, ukuveza imibono, nokwakha ubudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ngokomongo wangaphambi komlando—isikhathi sangaphambi kokuba imiphakathi yazi ukubhala—isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo “liyindlela” ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqonda impilo yomuntu edlule. Ngezinto zobuciko, izici, kanye nezinsalela zemisebenzi, abavubukuli bakha kabusha indlela abantu basendulo abasinda ngayo, abashukumisa ngayo, abaphatha ngayo imvelo, futhi bakha ngayo ubuwena beqembu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo yesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo, izinhlobo zalo, kanye nendima yalo ekuqondeni imiphakathi yasendulo, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini zase-Indonesia nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Kuyini Isiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo?
Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo lihlanganisa izinto ezenziwe, ezisetshenzisiwe, eziguquliwe, noma ezishiywe ngabantu. Emiphakathini yasendulo, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo lalingaphezu nje kwamathuluzi; laliyingxenye yesimiso solwazi nezimpawu zomphakathi. Isibonelo, imbazo yamatshe ayilona nje ithuluzi lokugawula izinkuni; futhi ikhombisa ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo, izinhlobo zezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nendlela yokuphila (ukuzingela, ukuqoqa, noma ukulima) esetshenziswayo.
Emivubukulweni, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo livame ukuhlukaniswa kanje:
1. Izinto zobuciko, okungukuthi izinto ezithuthwayo noma ezenziwe ngabantu (amathuluzi amatshe, izitsha zobumba, ubucwebe).
2. Izici, okungukuthi izakhiwo ezingenakususwa ngaphandle kokubhubhisa umongo wazo (imigodi yezingodo, izindawo zomlilo, imisele, amatshe amakhulu).
3. Izinto eziphilayo, okungukuthi izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu (amathambo ezilwane, imbewu, imfucuza yokudla, amalahle).
4. Umongo, okungukuthi indawo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kokutholakele emhlabathini, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni.
Ngaphandle kokubhala, incazelo yesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo ifundwa ngamaphethini: ifomu, izinto zokwakha, amasu okukhiqiza, imikhondo yokusetshenziswa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezitholakele esikhaleni nasesikhathini.
Isiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo kanye Nezigaba Zokuphila Kwangaphambi Komlando
Ngokubanzi, intuthuko yesiko lezinto zasendulo yaqhubeka kanye nezinguquko endleleni yokuphila yabantu. Nakuba isifunda ngasinye sinohlelo oluhlukile lokulandelana kwezikhathi, ngokuvamile singaqondwa ngezigaba eziningana: i-Paleolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Endala), i-Mesolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Ephakathi), i-Neolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Entsha), kanye ne-Bronze (imisebenzi yensimbi yokuqala).
1. I-Paleolithic: Amathuluzi Amatshe Nokuhamba Okuphezulu
Ngesikhathi sePaleolithic, abantu basendulo babevame ukuhlala njengabazingeli nabaqoqi. Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo elalibusa lalihlanganisa amathuluzi amatshe alula njengezinto zokusika, ama-flakes, kanye nezando. Izici zabo ezihlukile zifaka:
– Ubuchwepheshe bokusika amatshe busasebenza kahle, kodwa busebenza kahle ekusikeni, ekukhumbeni izilwane, noma ekucubunguleni izilimo eziyizigaxa.
– Ukuhamba okuphezulu, ukuze izinto zobuciko zivame ukuba nobukhulu obusebenzisekayo futhi kube lula ukuzithwala.
– Ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezihlala njalo, ngoba amaqembu ahamba ngokuya ngokutholakala kwezinsiza.
Kulesi sigaba, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo libonisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: abantu bakhetha amatshe afanele, baqonde indlela izingcezu eziqondiswa ngayo, futhi basebenzisa amathuluzi ngokwezidingo zabo.
2. I-Mesolithic: Ukuqamba Kwendawo Nokuzivumelanisa Nemvelo
I-Mesolithic ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yenguquko. Abantu baqhubeka nokuzingela nokuqoqana, kodwa baqala ukusebenzisa kakhulu izinsiza zasogwini kanye nemifula. Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo elivame ukutholakala lihlanganisa:
– Ama-Microlith (amathuluzi amancane amatshe) okungenzeka ukuthi ayefakwe ezibambweni ukuze kwenziwe imicibisholo noma imikhonto.
– Udoti wegobolondo (kjokkenmoddinger) ezindaweni ezithile, ubonisa ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile kanye nephethini yokuhlala.
– Amathuluzi amathambo nezimpondo, okubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo lembula izindlela eziningi zokusinda. Abantu abazange nje balandele izilwane ezinkulu kodwa futhi bakhulisa kakhulu ukuvunwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle, izinhlanzi kanye nezimbaza.
3. I-Neolithic: Uguquko Lokukhiqiza Nokuhlala Kwabantu
Isikhathi seNeolithic saphawulwa ukuvela kokukhiqizwa kokudla ngezolimo nokufuya izilwane. Lezi zinguquko zaholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo:
– Izimbazo zamatshe ezicijile (ezibushelelezi nezibukhali) zokususa umhlabathi nokucubungula izinkuni.
– Izitsha zokugcina, ukupheka, kanye nokuthutha ukudla.
– Izindawo zokuhlala ezengeziwe, njengoba kubonakala ezinsaleleni zezindlu, imigodi yeposi, kanye nezindawo zomlilo eziphindaphindayo.
Eziqhingini zase-Indonesia, amasiko e-Neolithic ahlobene nokufuduka nokusabalala kwezikhulumi zase-Austronesian ezaletha ubuchwepheshe bamatshe obucwengekile, ukutshalwa kwezitshalo, kanye namakhono okudoba olwandle. Ukuvela kwezitsha zobumba nakho kwaba nemiphumela emphakathini: ukugcina ukudla kwasiza ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokugcina ukudla, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kanye nokuhlela imiphakathi.
4. I-Megalithic: Izimpawu, Amasiko, kanye Nobunikazi Beqembu
Kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi e-Indonesia, amasiko e-megalithic athuthukile: ukwakhiwa kwamatshe amakhulu njengendlela yokukhulekela noma yokukhulekela. Isiko lezinto ze-megalithic lihlanganisa:
– IMenhir (isikhumbuzo setshe)
– AmaDolmen (itafula lamatshe)
– Amathuna e-Sarcophagi namatshe
– Isithombe setshe
Izakhiwo ezinkulu zibonisa izici ezingezona ezomnotho zesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo: izinkolelo, amasiko okufa, isimo senhlalo, kanye nenkumbulo yokubambisana. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe amakhulu kwakudinga umsebenzi, ukubambisana, kanye nobuholi, ngaleyo ndlela kubonisa inhlangano yenhlalo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
5. Inkathi Yethusi: Izinsimbi, Ubuchwepheshe, kanye Nenethiwekhi Yokushintshana
Njengoba abantu beqala ukuhlola izinsimbi, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo langena esigabeni esabonisa ukukhethekile kwamakhono. Esimweni saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinto zobuciko zethusi ezifana nezigubhu, izimbazo ze-funnel, ubucwebe, nezikhali zinikeza ubufakazi:
– Ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa nokukhipha budinga ulwazi oluphezulu.
– Indima yabachwepheshile (undagi) njengeqembu elikhethekile.
– Amanethiwekhi okuhweba ngoba izinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi azitholakali njalo endaweni eyodwa.
Izinto zensimbi zivame ukuba nemisebenzi engokomfanekiso. I-nekara, isibonelo, ayiyona nje ithuluzi kodwa futhi isetshenziswa emikhosini, njengophawu lwesikhundla, noma njengophawu lwamandla.
Umsebenzi Wesiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo Empilweni Yangaphambi Komlando
Isiko lezinto zangaphambi komlando lingaqondwa ngemisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko:
1. Umsebenzi osebenzayo (ukuphila)
Amathuluzi amatshe, amathuluzi amathambo, kanye nobumba kwasiza abantu ukuthola, ukucubungula, nokugcina ukudla.
2. Imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe nolwazi
I-artifact ngayinye iqukethe incwadi ethi “indlela yokwenza” kanye nencwadi ethi “indlela yokusebenzisa”. Amasu anjengokugaya amatshe noma ukunyathela insimbi abonisa ulwazi oludluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
3. Imisebenzi yezenhlalo nezomnotho
Ubucwebe obusakazeke kabanzi, izinto ezingavamile, nezinto zobuciko kubonisa ukushintshana, ukuhweba, noma izipho phakathi kwamaqembu. Ukuba nezinto ezithile kungabonisa isimo.
4. Imisebenzi engokomfanekiso neyenkolo
Amathuna, izimpahla zamathuna, izikhumbuzo ezinkulu, nezithombe eziqoshiwe zembula imibono ngokufa, okhokho, kanye nomhlaba ongokomoya.
5. Imisebenzi yobunikazi kanye nokuxhumana
Imidwebo yokuhlobisa ezitsheni zobumba, ezimweni zobucwebe, kanye nezitayela zamathuluzi kungaba "ulimi" lobunikazi beqembu, okuhlukanisa umphakathi owodwa komunye.
Abacwaningi Bafunda Kanjani Isiko Lezinto Ezibonakalayo?
Ukuze baqonde isiko lezinto zasendulo, abacwaningi basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene:
– Uhlobo: ukuqoqa izinto zobuciko ngokusekelwe esimweni nesitayela ukuze ubone izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
– Ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa nokuguga: ukufuna imihuzuko noma ukuguguleka ukuze kutholakale umsebenzi wethuluzi.
– Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela: ukuhlola izinsalela zamakhemikhali ezitsheni zobumba noma amathuluzi ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lokudla noma izinto ezicutshungulwayo.
– Ukuqomisana: njengokuqomisana nge-radiocarbon ukuze kutholakale ubudala bezinto ezitholakele.
– Ucwaningo lomongo: ukuhlola indawo yezinto zobuciko ongqimbeni lomhlabathi kanye nobudlelwano bazo nezinye izinto ezitholakele.
Ngale ndlela, isicucu sobumba singanikeza ulwazi mayelana nokudla, ukuhweba, ngisho nesakhiwo senhlalo.
I-Penutup
Isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo liyisihluthulelo sokuqonda imiphakathi yasendulo. Ngamathuluzi amatshe, izitsha zobumba, izakhiwo ezinkulu, kanye nezinto zensimbi, singalandelela ukuguqulwa kwempilo yabantu kusukela kubazingeli nabaqoqi abahambahambayo kuya emiphakathini ezinzile enezolimo, amasiko ayinkimbinkimbi, kanye namanethiwekhi amaningi okushintshana. Izinto zangaphambi komlando azizona nje izinsalela zesikhathi esidlule, kodwa yizingobo zomlando zamasiko eziqopha amakhono obuchwepheshe babantu, ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo, inhlangano yomphakathi, kanye nezinkolelo. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo akukhona nje ukuqoqa izinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa futhi nokufunda indaba yokuthi abantu bakhe kanjani impucuko ngezinto abazidalile futhi bazishiya ngemuva.
