Indima Yezinto Ezivubukulayo Zangaphambi Komlando Ekwakhiweni Kabusha Komlando Wesintu
Ukuvubukula kwangaphambi komlando kudlala indima ebalulekile emizamweni yabantu yokuqonda imvelaphi nomlando omude wempucuko. Ngokungafani nezifundo zomlando zezikhathi lapho ukubhala kwaqala khona, umlando wangaphambi komlando awushiyanga marekhodi abhalwe ngqo afundekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakhiwa kabusha kokuphila komuntu phakathi nalesi sikhathi kuncike emithonjeni yezinto ezibonakalayo: amathuluzi amatshe, amathambo, izinsalela zokudla, amaphethini okuhlala, imidwebo yemihume, ngisho nezinguquko zendawo. Ngalezi zitholelo, ukuvubukula kwangaphambi komlando akugcini nje "ngokugcwalisa izikhala" emlandweni kodwa futhi kwakha indaba eqinisekisiwe yokuthi abantu bavela kanjani, bathuthela kanjani, bashintshashintsha kanjani, futhi babumba kanjani isiko.
Ukuqonda Ngaphambi Komlando kanye Nobubanzi Bawo
I-prehistory ibhekisela esikhathini esingaphambi kokufika kokubhala esifundeni, ngakho-ke isikhathi sayo esiqondile siyahlukahluka kuye ngezindawo. EMesopotamia, isibonelo, i-prehistory iphela kusenesikhathi, ngokubhala kuvela cishe ngenkulungwane yesi-4 BC. Okwamanje, ezingxenyeni eziningi zesiqhingi sase-Indonesia, i-prehistory ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngokushintshela enkathini entsha yomlando okubonakala lapho ithonya lamasiko abhaliwe aseNdiya liqala ukuvela. Kulo mongo, ukuvubukulwa kwasendulo kuhlanganisa ukutadisha i-Paleolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Endala), i-Mesolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Ephakathi), i-Neolithic (Inkathi Yamatshe Entsha), ngisho ne-Bronze Age noma ukuthuthukiswa kwe-metallurgy yokuqala, kuye ngesikhathi sendawo.
Ububanzi bayo budlulela ngale kokutadisha izinto zasendulo kuya ekuziphatheni kwabantu: indlela ezazizingela futhi ziqoqa ngayo, lapho ezolimo zaqala khona, indlela ubuchwepheshe obathuthuka ngayo, kanye nendlela izakhiwo zomphakathi nezinkolelo ezakhiwa ngayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isayensi yezinto zakudala isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezifundo zamasiko nesayensi yemvelo, njengoba kumele ihlanganise idatha yezinto ezibonakalayo nomongo wemvelo.
Umthombo Wedatha: Ukulandelela Izinto Njenge-"Amadokhumenti" Esikhathi Esidlule
Ngaphandle kokubhala, izinto zobuciko kanye nezinto zemvelo zaba "imibhalo" eyinhloko. Izinto zobuciko ziyizinto ezenziwe ngabantu njengezimbazo zesandla, izingcezu zamatshe, izitsha zobumba, ubucwebe, noma amathuluzi ensimbi. Izinto zemvelo ziyizinsalela zemvelo ezihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yabantu, njengamathambo ezilwane, imbewu, amalahle asuka ekushisweni, noma amagobolondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezifana nemigodi yezindlu, izakhiwo zeziko, amathuna, imisele, noma amathala ezolimo anikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlela indawo kanye nendlela yokuphila.
Idatha yangaphambi komlando ingafaka nobuciko bamadwala, izinyathelo zasendulo, noma izinsalela zezindawo zokuhlala ezingcwatshwe. Konke lokhu kuhunyushwa ngesimiso semivubukulo yomongo. Ithuluzi letshe, isibonelo, lizoba nenjongo kakhulu uma litholakala engqimbeni ethile yomhlabathi, nezinsalela ezithile zezilwane, noma lihlotshaniswa nomlilo wesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, imivubukulo yangaphambi komlando ayimayelana nokuqoqa izinto kuphela, kodwa mayelana nokwakha izincazelo ezisekelwe ebudlelwaneni phakathi kokutholakele.
Izindlela Nobuchwepheshe: Ukwenza Isikhathi Esidlule Silinganiswe
Indima ebalulekile yesayensi yemivubukulo yasendulo ibonakala emandleni ayo okuguqula isikhathi esidlule "esithule" sibe ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe. Omunye weminikelo yayo eyinhloko ukunquma ukulandelana kwezikhathi. Izindlela zokuqomisana ezihlobene njenge-stratigraphy (ukufunda ukulandelana kwezingqimba zomhlabathi) zisiza ekunqumeni ukulandelana kwemicimbi. Okwamanje, izindlela zokuqomisana eziphelele—njenge-radiocarbon (C-14) yokuthola izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, i-thermoluminescence yezinto zobumba, noma i-uranium-series dating yama-stalactites—zinikeza izilinganiso zobudala ngeminyaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kuthuthukisa ukuhumusha. I-Zooarchaeology ihlola amathambo ezilwane ukuze iqonde ukusetshenziswa kanye namaphethini okufuywa. I-Archaeobotany ihlola izinsalela zezitshalo ukuze iqonde ukushintshela kwezolimo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-microwear kumathuluzi amatshe kungaveza ukuthi amathuluzi ayesetshenziselwa ukuhlaba inyama, ukucubungula izinkuni, noma ukuvuna izitshalo. Ngisho nezifundo ze-isotope zamazinyo namathambo abantu basendulo zingaveza amaphethini okudla nokuhamba, kuyilapho ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA (aDNA) yasendulo kukhanyisa ubudlelwano, ukufuduka, kanye nokuxubana kwabantu.
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokumapha njenge-GIS, i-photogrammetry, kanye nokuskena kwe-LiDAR kuvumela futhi abavubukuli ukuthi babone iminonjana yezindawo zokuhlala zasendulo ezifihliwe yihlathi noma ezingcwatshwe yidaka, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumba kabanzi. Zonke lezi zindlela zivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwangaphambi komlando okunemininingwane eminingi nokwethembekile.
Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwabantu Nokufuduka Kwabo
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu kakhulu yesayensi yezinto zakudala ukusiza ukuchaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokusabalala kwabantu. Ukutholakala kwezinsalela ze-hominin, kanye namathuluzi amatshe kanye nesimo sawo semvelo, kunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi izinhlobo zabantu zaphila nini futhi kanjani ekuqaleni. Ubufakazi bezinto zakudala buveza izinguquko emakhonweni okuqonda kanye nobuchwepheshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: kusukela kumathuluzi alula kanye nobuciko bomlilo kuya kumasu okuzingela ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimpawu zamasiko.
Emhlabeni wonke, isayensi yezinto zakudala idlala indima ekuhloleni imibono mayelana nokufuduka okukhulu, njengokusabalala kwama-Homo sapiens esuka e-Afrika kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo nezinye izilwane. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nase-Oceania, izinto zobuciko nezindawo zasogwini zisiza ukulandelela izindlela zokuqala zokufuduka kwabantu banamuhla, ezihlotshaniswa nokuguquguquka kwezinga lolwandle ngezikhathi zeqhwa. Ngokuhlola izinsalela zezindawo zokuhlala, amathuluzi, kanye nokudla, izazi zezinto zakudala zinganquma ukuthi abantu bawela kanjani iziqhingi, bazivumelanise nezimo zasezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi bathuthukise amanethiwekhi omphakathi.
Ukuqonda Ushintsho Lwezomnotho: Kusukela Ekubuthaneni Kuya Ekulimeni
Isayensi yemivubukulo yangaphambi komlando nayo ibalulekile ekuchazeni enye yezindawo ezinkulu zokuguquka emlandweni wesintu: inguquko yezolimo. Ukuguquka kusukela ekuzingeleni nasekubutheni kuya ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwakungeyona into efanayo noma eqondile. Kwezinye izifunda, imiphakathi yamukela ezolimo eziphelele; kwezinye, amasu okuziphilisa ahlanganisiwe aqhubeka.
Ngokusebenzisa izinsalela zokusanhlamvu ezifakwe i-carbon, amathuluzi okugaya, amaphethini okuhlala azinzile, kanye nobumba oluthuthukisiwe, abavubukuli bangakha kabusha lapho ukufuywa kwezitshalo nezilwane kwenzeka khona nokuthi kuthinte kanjani inani labantu. Ezolimo zazingaphezu kokudla nje kuphela; zabumba ubuningi babantu, zadala ukukhethekile kwabasebenzi, zandisa ukuhweba, futhi ekugcineni zavula indlela yemiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi.
Isakhiwo Senhlalo, Isiko, kanye Nobuntu Besiko
Izimpawu zangaphambi komlando azikhulumi nje kuphela ngezomnotho nobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nangencazelo. Imikhuba yokungcwaba, isibonelo, ibonisa imibono ngokufa, isimo senhlalo, kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi. Ukwehluka kwezimpahla zethuna, isikhundla sesidumbu, noma indawo yokungcwaba kungabonisa uhla lwezikhundla noma ubunikazi beqembu. Ubuciko bedwala kanye nokuhlobisa kubonisa uphawu, ikhono lokucabanga, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nezindaba zezinganekwane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ubunikazi bamasiko bakhiwa kanjani ngezitayela zezinto zobuciko. Amaphethini obumba, amasu okwenza amathuluzi, noma izinhlobo zezindlu kungabonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu, ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe, noma ukufuduka. Ngakho-ke, umlando wangaphambi komlando awusabonwa njengenkathi "yobumnyama," kodwa kunalokho njengenkathi eguquguqukayo enokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko okucebile.
Umnikelo Emlandweni E-Archipelago
E-Indonesia, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni uhlaka lomlando olude ngaphambi kokuvela kwemibuso ebhaliwe. Izindawo zemihume ezinemidwebo yamatshe, ukutholakala kwamathuluzi amatshe ezindaweni ezahlukene, amasiko amakhulu, ngisho nobufakazi bokuqala bokusetshenziswa kwensimbi kunikeza umbono ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuzivumelanisa kwabantu kulo lonke isiqhingi esikhulu. Izimo ze-geological kanye nesimo sezulu, kanye nezinguquko zezinga lolwandle ezedlule, kwenza isiqhingi sibe yindawo yokucwaninga yemvelo yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nendawo ezungezile.
Ukuvubukulwa kwangaphambi komlando nakho kusiza ukubeka umlando wase-Indonesia esimweni sesifunda: ukuxhumana kwawo nezwekazi lase-Asia, iMelanesia, kanye nezwe lase-Austronesian. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemizila yaselwandle, ukusatshalaliswa kolimi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezikebhe zakuqala kungasekelwa idatha yemivubukulo, ukuze ukulandisa ngamasiko ase-Indonesia kuqale hhayi ngemibhalo eqoshiwe kuphela kodwa nangezimpande ezindala kakhulu.
Izinselele kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha: Ukulondoloza Ifa, Ukulungisa Izindaba
Naphezu kwenani layo elikhulu, isayensi yezinto zakudala ibhekene nezinselele: ukubhujiswa kwendawo ngenxa yentuthuko, ukuphangwa kwezinto zakudala, kanye nokubandlulula ekuchazeni. Idatha yangaphambi komlando ivame ukuhlukaniswa, ngakho-ke izazi zezinto zakudala kumele ziqaphele ukuthi aziphoqeleli iziphetho. Izimiso zokuziphatha zocwaningo nazo zibalulekile, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokumbiwa kwamathuna abantu, ukubandakanyeka kwemiphakathi yasendaweni, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingcwele. Isayensi yezinto zakudala yanamuhla igcizelela ukubambisana, ukucaca, kanye nokusetshenziswa kocwaningo kwezemfundo yomphakathi kanye nokulondolozwa.
I-Penutup
Ukuvubukula kwangaphambi komlando kuyisihluthulelo sokwakha kabusha ingxenye enkulu yomlando wesintu—isikhathi esathatha amashumi ezinkulungwane kuya ezigidini zeminyaka ngaphambi kokubhala. Ngokuhlaziya izinto zobuciko, izinto zemvelo, izici, kanye nezindawo, okusekelwa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela isikhathi kanye nobuchwepheshe belebhu, ukuvubukula kwangaphambi komlando kuletha empilweni izindaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukufuduka, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ezomnotho, kanye nophawu lwamasiko. Kwandisa incazelo yomlando kusukela ekubhalweni kwamakhosi nezifundazwe kuya endabeni ehlangene yabantu abavamile: ukuthi basinda kanjani, basungula izinto ezintsha, futhi banikeza umhlaba incazelo. Ngakho-ke, indima yokuvubukula kwangaphambi komlando ayiyona nje eyezemfundo, kodwa futhi ibalulekile ekuzibonakaliseni, emfundweni, nasekulondolozweni kwefa lamasiko ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
