Izinhlelo Zezinkolelo Zemiphakathi Yangaphambi Komlando
Ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafunde ukubhala nokuthuthukisa imiphakathi enamarekhodi omlando ahlelekile, base bevele benombono womhlaba: ngokuphila nokufa, ngemvelo, nangamandla azwakalayo kodwa angabonwa njalo. Lombono womhlaba kamuva wakhula waba izinhlelo zokukholelwa emiphakathini yasendulo. Nakuba ubufakazi buvame ukungaveli emibhalweni, kodwa ezintweni zobuciko, emihumeni, ezakhiweni zamatshe, nasemaphethini okungcwaba, ochwepheshe bangachaza abantu basendulo njengabanezinkolelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zokukholelwa zathonya ukuziphatha kwansuku zonke, ukuphathwa kwemvelo, ngisho namasiko omphakathi ngaphakathi kwamaqembu.
Ukuqonda "inkolelo" ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando
Igama elithi "uhlelo lwezinkolelo" emiphakathini yasendulo lalingasho ngempela inkolo njengoba siyazi namuhla—enemibhalo engcwele, izikhungo, kanye nesakhiwo sobuholi esisemthethweni. Izinkolelo zangaphambi komlando zazihlobene kakhulu nochungechunge lwemibono, izimpawu, kanye namasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo. Bachaza ukuthi kungani umbani ushaya, kungani izilwane eziningi noma zimbalwa, kungani abantu begula, nokuthi kwenzekani ngemva kokufa. Lezi zinkolelo zavela esidingweni somuntu sokuqonda ukungaqiniseki kwemvelo ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ubumbano lweqembu.
Izinhlelo zokukholelwa nazo zihlobene kakhulu nokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo. Imiphakathi yangaphambi komlando yabona imijikelezo yemvelo: imini nobusuku, izinkathi zemvula nezomile, ukuzalwa nokufa. Kulezi zindlela kwavela inkolelo yokuthi kwakukhona "ukuhleleka" okugcinwe amandla athile. Lapho lokhu kuhleleka kuphazanyiswa—isibonelo, yinhlekelele, ubhubhane, noma ukwehluleka kwezitshalo—kwakuvela isidingo semikhuba ethile, iminikelo, noma ama-antiques ukuze kubuyiselwe ibhalansi.
I-Animism: ukukholelwa emimoyeni nasemandleni okuphila
Enye yezinkolelo ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemiphakathi yasendulo yi-animism. I-animism inkolelo yokuthi izinto zemvelo zinomoya noma amandla okuphila: imithi emikhulu, amadwala athile, imifula, izintaba, ngisho nezilwane zasendle. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, imvelo akuyona nje "insiza," kodwa yindawo yokuhlala enentando futhi efanelwe inhlonipho.
Ubufakazi bokuthi imimoya ikholelwa ezintweni eziphilayo bungalandelelwa ngamasiko ahlukahlukene, njengamasiko okungcwaba abonisa inhlonipho ngabafileyo noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile njengeziphandla. Uma abantu basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi imimoya yokhokho noma imimoya yemvelo ingathonya impilo yansuku zonke, khona-ke ubudlelwano nezwe lemimoya babubalulekile ekugcineni ukuphepha kweqembu. Amasiko okukhuleka emimoyeni eqapha ihlathi ngaphambi kokuzingela, isibonelo, angaqondwa njengendlela engokomoya kanye nesu lomphakathi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu azizwa evikelekile futhi elandela imithetho ehlanganyelwe.
I-Dynamism: amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ezintweni nasezindaweni
Ngaphandle kwe-animism, kukhona umqondo we-dynamism—inkolelo yokuthi into inamandla athile angaphezu kwawemvelo noma “amandla.” La mandla awahlali ebonakaliswa njengomoya, kodwa abhekwa njengamandla angaletha inhlanhla, isivikelo, noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, inhlekelele. Emiphakathini yasendulo, i-dynamism ingabonakala ekusetshenzisweni kwamatshe, amathambo, amazinyo ezilwane, noma izinto ezingavamile njengezimpawu zamandla.
Isibonelo, itshe elinesimo esiyingqayizivele noma elivela endaweni ekude lingabhekwa njengelinamandla akhethekile. Izinto ezinjalo zingagcinwa, zizuzwe njengefa, noma zisetshenziswe ngezikhathi ezikhethekile njengemicimbi emikhulu yokuzingela, ukuthutha izindlu, noma imikhosi yokungcwaba. I-Dynamism iphakamisa ukuthi abantu basendulo babehileleke ekucabangeni okungokomfanekiso: babehlobanisa izinto ezithile nezincazelo nemisebenzi eyadlula ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Totemism: ubuhlobo obungcwele phakathi kwabantu nezilwane/izinto
I-Totemism ibhekisela enkolelweni yokuthi iqembu linobuhlobo obukhethekile nesilwane esithile, isitshalo, noma into, ebhekwa njenge-"totem." Ama-Totem angasebenza njengezimpawu zobunikazi beqembu, ukuvikelwa, kanye nezimpawu zemingcele yomphakathi. Ezimweni zasendulo, i-totemism kungenzeka ukuthi yavela kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila okuncike kakhulu emvelweni, ikakhulukazi izilwane zasendle kanye nezitshalo zasendle.
Uma iqembu lithembele kakhulu esilwaneni esithile, lingase lisungule izinganekwane ezisibheka njengedlozi, isihlobo, noma umhlinzeki wokondla. Ngenxa yalokho, kunemithetho elawula ukuthi leso silwane kufanele sizingelwe, sihlatshwe, sidliwe kanjani, noma ukuthi singasidli nini. Ngakho-ke, i-totemism ingasebenza njengendlela yokulawula umphakathi kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza, yize ifihliwe njengenkolelo engcwele.
Ukuhlonipha okhokho: ukusondelana nomuntu oshonile
Emasikweni amaningi asendulo, kuhlanganise nalawo ahlotshaniswa nabavubukuli ngezikhathi zasendulo, ukuhlonishwa kokhokho kwakuyisici esibalulekile. Inkolelo yayilula kodwa inamandla: abafileyo abasekho ngempela, kodwa bahlala bekhona ngesimo semimoya enganikeza izibusiso noma izixwayiso. Ngakho-ke, amathuna, izimpahla zamathuna, kanye namasiko athile kwakusebenza njengendlela yokugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwabaphilayo nabafileyo.
Isiko lokungcwaba ngezinto ezingcwatshwe ethuneni—njengobucwebe, amathuluzi amatshe, noma izitsha zobumba—libonisa umqondo wokuphila ngemva kokufa noma okungenani uhambo lomoya. Imingcwabo eklanywe ngokucophelela nayo yabonisa isimo senhlalo, inhlonipho, kanye nenkolelo yokuthi indlela umzimba ophathwa ngayo yayizothinta inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Izindawo zeMegalithic nezingcwele
Kwezinye izifunda, abantu basendulo bakha izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe (izakhiwo ezinkulu) njenge-menhir, i-dolmens, amaphiramidi anezinyathelo, noma i-sarcophagi. Lezi zakhiwo kwakungeyona nje imisebenzi yobunjiniyela kodwa futhi kwakunezikhumbuzo zenkolo. Ama-menhir, isibonelo, ayevame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlonipha okhokho noma ukumaka izindawo ezingcwele. Ama-Dolmens nama-sarcophagi ayehlotshaniswa nemikhuba yokungcwaba kanye nokukhazinyuliswa kwabantu ababalulekile.
Ukuba khona kwezakhiwo ezinkulu kubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yasendulo yayikwazi ukusebenza ngokubambisana kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, futhi umsebenzi onjalo wokubambisana wawuvame ukuqhutshwa yizizathu ezijulile—kufaka phakathi ezomoya. Izindawo ezingcwele zaba yizikhungo zemisebenzi yomphakathi: izindawo zemikhosi, izingxoxo, ukugcotshwa kwabaholi, noma amasiko okudlula emhlabeni njengokuzalwa, ukuba mdala, nokufa.
Amasiko kanye nendima yabaholi abangokomoya
Izinhlelo zokukholelwa azizona nje imibono; ziphinde ziboniswe ngemikhuba. Amasiko asiza ekuqinisekiseni ubunikazi beqembu futhi anikeze umuzwa wokulawula izenzakalo ezingalindelekile, njengesimo sezulu, ukuzingela, noma izifo. Emiphakathini yasendulo, amasiko cishe ayehilela ukudansa, ukucula, ukusetshenziswa komlilo, iminikelo yokudla, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ezithile (isb., upende obomvu we-ocher emzimbeni noma ezintweni).
Emasikweni anjalo, kungavela umuntu onendima ekhethekile: isangoma, inyanga, noma umholi wesiko. Kukholelwa ukuthi lo muntu unekhono lokukhulumisana nezwe lemimoya, ukwelapha izifo, noma ukufunda amabika emvelo. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi, amaphethini athile okungcwaba noma izinto ezithile zesiko zivame ukuhunyushwa njengemikhondo yendima "engcwele" yomphakathi kunamalungu amanye amaqembu.
Ubuciko bangaphambi komlando njengokubonakaliswa okungokomoya
Imidwebo yemihume, izithombe eziqoshiwe, noma amaphethini ejiyometri emadwaleni nasezitsheni zobumba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengobuciko basendulo. Kodwa-ke, lobu buciko babungebona nje ngezinjongo zobuhle. Ochwepheshe abaningi bachaza izithombe zezilwane ezizingelwayo, izithombe zezandla, noma izibalo zabantu njengezihlobene namasiko nezinkolelo. Imidwebo yezilwane kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyingxenye "yomlingo wokuzingela" - imizamo engokomfanekiso yokuqinisekisa ukuzingela okuphumelelayo. Izithombe zezandla zazingaba uphawu lokuba khona, ubunikazi, noma isitatimende sokuxhumana nendawo engcwele.
Ubuciko babusebenza njengohlobo lolimi olubonakalayo ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kolimi olubhaliwe. Bugcina ulwazi, izinganekwane, kanye nezindinganiso ezidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngobuciko, abantu basendulo baveza ukumangala kwabo, ukwesaba, kanye nenhlonipho ngemvelo kanye nezimfihlakalo zokuphila.
I-Penutup
Izinhlelo zokukholelwa zemiphakathi yasendulo zaziyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwesiko labantu. I-animism, i-dynamism, i-totemism, kanye nokukhulekela okhokho kubonisa ukuthi abantu, kusukela ekuqaleni, babenekhono lokucabanga okungokomfanekiso kanye nesidingo sokunikeza incazelo kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. Nakuba kungakabi khona njengezinkolo ezinkulu, izinkolelo zasendulo zabumba ukuziphatha komphakathi, indlela abantu abaphatha ngayo imvelo, kanye nendlela imiphakathi eyayigcina ngayo ukuhleleka. Ngezinsalela zezinto zakudala—ukungcwatshwa, izakhiwo ezinkulu, ubuciko bemihume, kanye nezinto zobuciko—singabona ukuthi abantu basendulo abazange basinde nje kuphela kodwa futhi bakhe umhlaba ocebile onencazelo, imikhondo yawo esathinta amasiko nanamuhla.
