Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ngaphambi Komlando
Izinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando ziyimikhondo yezinto ezibonakalayo ezashiywa abantu ngaphambi kokufika kokubhala. Lezi zinto—kusukela kumathuluzi amatshe alula kuya kubucwebe bensimbi bokuqala—zisebenza njenge "mibhalo" eyinhloko yabavubukuli ekwakheni kabusha izindlela zokuphila, ubuchwepheshe, izinkolelo, kanye nokuguquguquka komphakathi kwemiphakathi yasendulo. Ngenxa yokuthi amarekhodi abhaliwe awakho, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando kumele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, ngokuhlelekile, nangokuhambisana nomongo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo yezinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando, izinhlobo zazo, kanye nezindlela ezivamile zokuhlaziya ezisetshenziswa ukuqonda isikhathi esidlule.
Incazelo kanye nendima yezinto ezenziwe ngaphambi komlando
Ngokuvamile, into eyenziwe, eguquliwe, noma esetshenziswa abantu. Ezifundweni zasendulo, izinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo ziwumthombo oyinhloko wedatha, ohlukile ezintweni eziphilayo (izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane) kanye nezici (izakhiwo ezingashukumi njengemigodi, imisele, noma izindawo zokucasha). Izinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngezinto zakudala zinikeza izinkomba zemisebenzi yabantu: indlela ezazizingela ngayo, zicubungula ngayo ukudla, zakha izindawo zokukhosela, zahweba ngayo, futhi zaveza ngisho nobunikazi bazo kanye nezimpawu zenkolo.
Inani lento yobuciko alikho nje kuphela ngesimo sayo, kodwa futhi nasesimweni lapho itholakala khona. Imbazo yamatshe etholakala ebusweni ngaphandle kolwazi lwesendlalelo noma ukuhlangana nezinye izinto ezitholakele inenani elincane lokuhumusha kunembazo efanayo etholakala ongqimbeni olucacile olunezinsalela zamathambo ezilwane, amalahle eziko, kanye nezingcezu zobumba. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yemivubukulo yanamuhla igcizelela kakhulu imibhalo yokumba kanye nokuqoshwa kwe-stratigraphic.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando
Izinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo, umsebenzi, noma isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.
1. Amathuluzi amatshe (i-lithic)
Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-chopper, ama-flakes, ama-blade, ama-arrowhead, amatshe okugaya, namathuluzi ethambo, ngezinye izikhathi aphathwa njengengxenye yobuchwepheshe be-lithic. Ukuhlaziywa kwamathuluzi amatshe kubalulekile ngoba ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, kusukela ku-Paleolithic kuya ku-Neolithic, futhi asasetshenziswa ngisho nasenkathini yensimbi kwamanye amasiko.
2. Izitsha zobumba (izitsha zobumba zangaphambi komlando)
Ubumba luyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuvela kwezindawo zokuhlala ezizinzile, ukugcinwa kokudla, kanye nentuthuko yokupheka. Isimo salo, amasu okukhiqiza, ukuhlobisa, kanye nokwakheka kobumba kusiza ekuhloleni amasiko kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu.
3. Izinto zobuciko zensimbi zakuqala
Ezigabeni zeBronze nezeNsimbi, izinto zobuciko ezifana nezimbazo ze-funnel, izigubhu, amasongo, izinhloko zemikhonto, kanye nobucwebe kubonisa ukukhethekile kokukhiqiza kanye namanethiwekhi okushintshana ngezinto zokusetshenziswa. Izinkomba zezinhlobo zobumba kanye namasu okukhipha zingaveza nezinga lobuchwepheshe bensimbi.
4. Izinto zobuciko eziphilayo
Izinkuni, i-fibre, isikhumba, noma i-rattan ngokuvamile azisindi, kodwa uma zigcinwa (isibonelo, emihumeni eyomile noma ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi), lezi zinto zobuciko zingaveza ulwazi mayelana nobuchwepheshe obungavamile ukuqoshwa, njengokuluka, izingubo, kanye nezitsha.
5. Izinto zobuciko ezingokomfanekiso
Imidwebo yemihume, ubuhlalu, izithombe ezincane, noma izinto zemikhosi zibonisa amandla angokomfanekiso kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuwena. Lesi sigaba sisiza ukuqonda izici zemibono ezingabonakali njalo kumathuluzi awusizo.
Izigaba Eziyisisekelo Zokuhlaziywa Kwezinto Ezisetshenzisiwe
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zakudala kuvame ukuhilela izigaba eziningana: incazelo, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, ukulinganisa, ukuchazwa komsebenzi, kanye nokubekwa endaweni yesikhala nesikhathi.
1. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinhlobo Nokuhlukaniswa
I-typology ukuqoqwa kwezinto zobuciko ngokusekelwe ekufaneni ngesimo nezici. Isibonelo, amathuluzi amatshe ahlukaniswa njengezimbazo zesandla, amathuluzi e-flake, noma ama-microlith. Kubumba, i-typology ingasuselwa ekumeni kwezindebe, umzimba, isisekelo, kanye nezimpawu zokuhlobisa.
Inhloso yohlobo lwento akukhona nje "ukuqamba" izinto, kodwa ukuhlola ukushintshashintsha nokushintsha. Ukushintshashintsha kwesimo samathuluzi kusuka kokungajwayelekile kuya kokucwengekile kungabonisa izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, izidingo zomnotho, noma ukusebenzisana kwamasiko. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lwento kufanele futhi luqaphele ukuthi aluphoqeleli izigaba zanamuhla ezinguqukweni zendawo.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kobuchwepheshe (Chaîne Opératoire)
Indlela yokusebenza ngochungechunge ibheka izinto zobuciko njengomphumela wochungechunge lwezenzo: ukukhethwa kwezinto, ukukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokulahla. Ngamathuluzi amatshe, isibonelo, abavubukuli bahlola uhlobo lwedwala, isiqondiso somthelela, ipulatifomu yezingcezu, kanye nephethini yokuqhekeka ukuze banqume indlela yokukhiqiza (umthelela oqondile, ingcindezi, noma i-bipolar).
Ezitsheni zobumba, ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe kuhlanganisa izindlela zokubumba (ukuhlikihla, ukusonta, ukujika amasondo), amasu okudubula, kanye nokushisa (isihlabathi, amakhoba elayisi, izingcezu zobumba). Le datha ingabonisa amazinga ochwepheshe, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kanye namasiko olwazi oluzuzwe njengefa.
3. Ukuhlaziywa Kokusetshenziswa Nokugqokwa kanye Nensalela
Umsebenzi wento yobuciko awukwazi ukunqunywa njalo ngesimo sayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa kokugqoka kuhlola ukuguga okuncane kakhulu onqenqemeni lwethuluzi: amaphethini okuklwebha, ukusha, imifantu emincane, noma ukuzungeza onqenqemeni. Inkemba yetshe ebukeka njengommese yayingasetshenziswa ukusika inyama, ukuklwebha isikhumba, noma ukuvuna izitshalo—ngakunye kushiya umkhondo ohlukile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela kuhlola izinsalela zezinto ezinamathelayo, njengesitashi sezitshalo, igazi, amaprotheni, noma i-resin. Besebenzisa amasu amakhemikhali nama-microscopic, abavubukuli bangaqinisa ukuhumusha okusebenzayo, njengokubonisa ukucutshungulwa kwezimila noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinamathelisi zemvelo ezihlokweni zemicibisholo.
4. Ukuhlaziywa Komongo: Isikhala kanye ne-Stratigraphy
Izinto zobuciko kumele zibekwe endaweni ehlelekile (izendlalelo zomhlabathi) ukuze kuqondwe ukulandelana kwesikhathi kwazo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto zobuciko ezingqimbeni bungabonisa imisebenzi ethile: indawo yasekhishini, indawo yokusebenzela yokwenza amathuluzi, noma indawo yokulahla udoti. Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo, okuhlanganisa nokumaka ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezitholwe, kusiza ukwakha kabusha ukwakheka kwendlu.
Umongo uhlanganisa nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezici. Ukutholakala kwesikepe eceleni kwamathambo ezilwane okubonisa izimpawu zokuhlaba kungase kubonise imikhuba yokuzingela kanye nokuhlaba. Okwamanje, izitsha zobumba eduze kweziko zingase zibonise imisebenzi yokupheka noma yokufudumeza.
5. Usuku kanye Nokulandelana Kwezikhathi
Ukuze kuqondwe ushintsho lwamasiko, izinto zobuciko kumele zinikezwe isikhathi. Ukuthandana okuhlobene kungasebenzisa ukuqhathanisa kwe-stratigraphy kanye nohlobo lwe-typological. Ukuthandana okuphelele kusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nokuthandana kwe-radiocarbon (kwamalahle, amathambo, noma izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo), ukuthandana kwe-thermoluminescence (kwezinto zobumba), noma ukuthandana kwe-OSL (kwezinto ezisele).
Nakuba izinto zobuciko zamatshe kunzima ukuzisho ngokuqondile, zingabhalwa phansi ngokomongo: isibonelo, ungqimba oluqukethe ithuluzi letshe luqukethe namalahle angabhalwa phansi nge-radiocarbon. Ngale ndlela, izinto zobuciko ziba yingxenye yendaba eqinile yokulandelana kwezikhathi.
Ukuhumusha Komphakathi Namasiko
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zakudala akugcini ngokuthi “le nto yayisetshenziselwani,” kodwa kudlulela emibuzweni yezenhlalo: ukuthi ubani owayenza, ukuthi ulwazi lwadluliselwa kanjani, nokuthi lwalusho ukuthini emphakathini.
– Inhlangano yokukhiqiza: Ingabe ukwenziwa kwamathuluzi kwenziwa ngaphakathi noma kukhona i-workshop ezinikele? Ingabe bakhona ochwepheshe?
– Ukushintshana kanye nokuhambahamba: Imithombo ekude yezinto zokusetshenziswa ikhombisa amanethiwekhi okuhweba noma ukunyakaza kwamaqembu. I-Obsidian, isibonelo, ivame ukuba yinkomba enamandla ngoba imithombo yayo ilinganiselwe futhi ilandeleka kalula.
– Isimo kanye nobunikazi: Ubucwebe, izinto zemikhosi, noma izinto zobuciko ezingavamile zingabonisa umehluko othile wesimo noma indima emphakathini.
– Izinguquko zokuphila: Ukuguquka kusukela ekuzingeleni kuya kumathuluzi ezolimo, noma ukuvela kwezitsha zokugcina izitsha, kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokushintshela kwezolimo kanye nokuhlala unomphela.
Izinselele Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezinto Ezisetshenzisiwe
Kunezinselele eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, izinqubo zemvelo kanye nemisebenzi yabantu elandelayo ingasusa izinto zobuciko kusuka kumongo wazo wokuqala (izinqubo zangemva kokubekwa). Okwesibili, izinto zobuciko zingaphinde zisetshenziswe (ziphinde zisetshenziswe), ngakho-ke umsebenzi wazo wokugcina awufani ngaso sonke isikhathi nomsebenzi wazo wokuqala. Okwesithathu, ukubandlulula kokulondolozwa kwenza izinto zobuciko eziphilayo zingavami, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe isithombe sobuchwepheshe besikhathi esidlule. Ngakho-ke, ukuhumusha kumele kuhlale kucatshangelwa imikhawulo yedatha.
I-Penutup
Izinto zobuciko zangaphambi komlando ziyisihluthulelo sokuvula indaba ende yesintu ngaphambi kokubhala. Ngokusebenzisa uhlobo, ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa, izinsalela, umongo we-stratigraphic, kanye nokuqopha isikhathi, abavubukuli bangakha izakhiwo ezintsha ezicishe zifane neqiniso lesikhathi esidlule. Kodwa-ke, izinto zobuciko azikaze “zikhulumele” zodwa—kumele zifundwe maqondana nendawo yazo, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezitholakele, kanye nezinqubo zamasiko eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngendlela yokuhlaziya eqinile nebucayi, izinto zobuciko zasendulo azizona nje izinto zasendulo kodwa ziyizinsika ezibalulekile zokuqonda imvelaphi yokusungula izinto ezintsha ngamasiko abantu, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokuhlukahluka.
